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Pourquoi les ménages pauvres paient-ils des loyers de plus en plus élevés ?

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  • Fack, Gabrielle

Abstract

Depuis la fin des années 1970, les aides directes à la personne sont devenues l’instrument majeur de la politique du logement au détriment des aides à la pierre, dont l’efficacité avait été remise en cause lors de la réforme de 1977. Les aides à la personne permettent, en théorie, de mieux cibler les populations pour qui le logement, qui demeure le premier poste de consommation des ménages, représente une charge jugée trop importante. Or le développement de ces aides s’est accompagné d’une augmentation du coût du logement pour les ménages locataires les plus défavorisés. L’objet de cette étude est d’évaluer leur impact sur l’augmentation des loyers des ménages à bas revenus. La réforme de l’extension des aides du début des années 1990 constitue une expérience naturelle qui permet d’isoler les effets des allocations logement, car elle s’est appliquée seulement à certains types de ménages et non à d’autres. On peut ainsi comparer l’évolution des loyers des ménages à bas revenus bénéficiaires de la réforme à celle des ménages qui n’ont pas été touchés et identifier les effets de la réforme pour les ménages concernés. À partir de données des enquêtes Logement de l’Insee, on montre que les aides pourraient bien être, pour une bonne partie, responsables de la hausse du loyer au mètre carré des ménages à bas revenus. D’après les estimations obtenues, entre 50 % et 80 % des allocations logement perçues par ces ménages auraient été absorbées par les augmentations de leurs loyers. Si ces allocations ont pu entraîner une certaine amélioration du confort de l’habitat, cet effet semble bien trop faible pour suffire à expliquer la hausse des loyers, du moins à partir des mesures possibles d’après les enquêtes Logement. La hausse de la demande des locataires provoquée par les aides semble s’être heurtée à une offre de logement trop inélastique de la part des bailleurs, entraînant ainsi une forte hausse des loyers. Cet effet a pu être renforcé par l’arrivée massive des étudiants sur le marché du logement à la suite de la réforme de ces aides.

Suggested Citation

  • Fack, Gabrielle, 2005. "Pourquoi les ménages pauvres paient-ils des loyers de plus en plus élevés ?," CEPREMAP Working Papers (Docweb) 0516, CEPREMAP.
  • Handle: RePEc:cpm:docweb:0516
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Segú, Mariona & Vignolles, Benjamin, 2018. "Taxing Vacant Dwellings: Can fiscal policy reduce vacancy?," MPRA Paper 85508, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Mariona Segú & Benjamin Vignolles, 2016. "Taxing Vacant Apartments: Can fiscal policy reduce vacancy?," Working Papers 2016.02, International Network for Economic Research - INFER.
    3. Fack, Gabrielle, 2006. "Are housing benefit an effective way to redistribute income? Evidence from a natural experiment in France," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 13(6), pages 747-771, December.
    4. repec:hal:wpspec:info:hdl:2441/8309 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Jean-Claude Driant & Alain Jacquot, 2005. "Loyers imputés et inégalités de niveau de vie," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 381(1), pages 177-206.
    6. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/8309 is not listed on IDEAS
    7. Patrick Messerlin, 2006. "Europe after the 'no' votes : mapping a new economic path," Post-Print hal-00973109, HAL.
    8. repec:spo:wpecon:info:hdl:2441/8309 is not listed on IDEAS
    9. Patrick Messerlin, 2006. "Europe after the 'no' votes : mapping a new economic path : thirty-fifth Wincott Lecture, 3 October 2005," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/8309, Sciences Po.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    aides au logement; politiques du logement; incidence des aides;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I38 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
    • R21 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Household Analysis - - - Housing Demand

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