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Calidad del empleo y estructura del mercado de trabajo en América Latina desde una perspectiva comparada

Author

Listed:
  • Facundo Martín Lastra
  • Sebastián Fernández-Franco
  • Juan Graña

Abstract

Resumen: Los aportes latinoamericanos a las teorías del mercado laboral destacan que la región se caracteriza por la existencia de una importante heterogeneidad productiva, que se expresa en la convivencia de unidades de muy variada productividad y calidad del empleo. En este marco, este trabajo tiene dos objetivos. Primero, analizar la situación actual de los mercados de trabajo de América Latina de manera comparada. Para ello se estudia la calidad del empleo e ingresos de asalariados y no asalariados en 13 países latinoamericanos, trabajando con 9 perfiles ocupacionales construidos según calificación del puesto de trabajo y tamano del establecimiento. En segundo lugar, evaluar cuál es el nivel de deterioro del poder adquisitivo de los salarios de la región y su heterogeneidad entre perfiles. Para ello, se comparan los ingresos de éstos respecto a Estados Unidos, representante de los países desarrollados. Los resultados confirman que los aportes de la literatura siguen vigentes y que los niveles salariales y de calidad del empleo promedio se encuentran marcadamente por debajo de los de Estados Unidos. Se concluye que el rezago productivo que caracteriza a la región se traduce en un deterioro general de las condiciones laborales, que se expresa con mayor fuerza en los pequenos establecimientos. Abstract: Latin American contributions to labour market theories highlight the fact that the region is characterized by the existence of significant productive heterogeneity, which is expressed in the coexistence of jobs of varying income and quality. Within this framework, this article has two objectives. First, to analyse the current situation of Latin American labour markets in a comparative manner. To this end, we study the quality of employment and income of salaried and non-salaried workers in 13 Latin American countries, working with nine occupational profiles constructed according to the qualification of the job and the size of the establishment. Secondly, and considering that these theoretical arguments require a comparison with countries that do not share the same structural features, evaluate the purchasing power of the wages of the nine profiles in relation to the United States, as a developed country. Results confirm that the contributions of the literature are still valid today, and that wage levels are markedly below those of the United States even for good quality profiles. It is concluded that the productive backwardness that characterizes the region translates into a general deterioration of labour conditions, which is expressed more strongly in small establishments.

Suggested Citation

  • Facundo Martín Lastra & Sebastián Fernández-Franco & Juan Graña, 2022. "Calidad del empleo y estructura del mercado de trabajo en América Latina desde una perspectiva comparada," Ensayos de Economía 20651, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín.
  • Handle: RePEc:col:000418:020651
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    File URL: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/ede/article/view/100343
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    América Latina; calidad del empleo; mercado de trabajo; salario real; Estados Unidos; precariedad (es)Latin-America; job quality; labour-market; real wage; United States; precarity (en);
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • J31 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
    • J81 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Standards - - - Working Conditions

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