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La problématique de la dette publique au Québec : causes, conséquences, solutions

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  • Marcelin Joanis
  • Claude Montmarquette

Abstract

This is not a new observation: Quebec is highly indebted. Relatively speaking, Quebec is the third Canadian province with the most indebted government. Quebecers also have to bear the even greater burden of federal public debt. Despite this, the Government of Quebec still does not have an explicit policy on this issue, unlike the federal government. In fact, despite the achievement of a balanced budget in 1998-1999, Quebec's debt has continued to increase significantly and, over the past two fiscal years, the government has reported budget deficits. The governments of Quebec and Canada have both experienced a decline in their public finances since the mid-1970s, incurring debt not only to finance their capital expenditures but also their annual operating expenses. This is primarily due to a series of macroeconomic shocks (oil price shocks, recessions), and then to the propensity of governments to spend beyond their ability to pay by relying on possible economic growth that has not materialized. Today's Quebec taxpayers therefore inherit not only a high level of debt but, above all, a debt that has essentially no tangible counterpart in terms of profits. Public debt is a mechanism that allows the collection of taxes to be deferred for the financing of public expenditure. It allows the tax burden associated with certain shocks to be spread over time, to bring the tax burden and benefits associated with government spending closer together over time, and to redistribute wealth between generations. However, the use of public debt is limited by a set of problems associated with high public debt. These problems concern public finances, macroeconomic conditions, economic efficiency, intergenerational equity and the political environment. There is no consensus among economists on the optimal level of public debt. However, there is a relatively broad consensus, at least in Canada, that current debt levels are too high. In particular, Quebec now appears to be very far from the level of indebtedness it would have experienced if it had respected the "traditional rule", i.e. if it had gone into debt only to finance its capital investments. There are three options for a government that wants to reduce its debt burden: rely on economic growth to "automatically" reduce the relative size of public debt, make annual repayments of part of the debt, or sell some assets and allocate the resulting amounts to debt repayment. The only recourse to the effect of economic growth is a risky policy. Debt repayment itself is characterized by a trade-off between short-term sacrifices (lower public spending or higher taxes) and greater flexibility in the future. Finally, the sale of assets must be considered with caution because of the importance of Crown corporation revenues in the Québec government's budget. An appropriate policy for the Government of Quebec could include: the creation of an annual contingency reserve and a stabilization fund, the use of the reserve as often as possible to repay debt, and the sale of certain public assets to accelerate debt reduction. This proposal has the threefold advantage of increasing the credibility and prudence of Québec's budgetary policy, recognizing the need for certain short-term public investments and being an effective response to the future pressures that will accompany an aging population. Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator Le constat n'est pas nouveau : le Québec est très endetté. Toutes proportions gardées, le Québec est la troisième province canadienne dont le gouvernement est le plus endetté. Les Québécois doivent également supporter le fardeau de la dette publique fédérale, qui est encore plus élevé. Malgré cela, le gouvernement du Québec ne s'est toujours pas doté d'une politique explicite sur cette question, contrairement au gouvernement fédéral. En fait, malgré l'atteinte de l'équilibre budgétaire en 1998-1999, la dette du Québec a continué à s'accroître significativement et, au cours des deux derniers exercices financiers, le gouvernement a déclaré des déficits budgétaires. Le gouvernement du Québec et le gouvernement fédéral ont tous deux connu un décrochage de leurs finances publiques à partir du milieu des années 1970, s'endettant non seulement pour financer leurs dépenses d'immobilisation mais également leurs dépenses d'opération annuelles. Cette situation est d'abord attribuable à une série de chocs macroéconomiques (choc pétrolier, récessions), puis à la propension des gouvernements à dépenser au-delà de leur capacité de payer en tablant sur une éventuelle croissance économique qui ne s'est pas matérialisée. Les contribuables québécois d'aujourd'hui héritent donc non seulement d'une dette élevée mais, aussi et surtout, d'une dette qui n'a pour l'essentiel aucune contrepartie tangible en termes de bénéfices. La dette publique est un mécanisme qui permet de reporter dans le temps la perception d'impôts pour le financement des dépenses publiques. Elle permet d'étaler dans le temps le fardeau fiscal lié à certains chocs, de rapprocher dans le temps le fardeau fiscal et les bénéfices associés à une dépense gouvernementale, et de redistribuer la richesse entre les générations. Le recours à l'endettement public est toutefois limité par un ensemble de problèmes liés à une dette publique élevée. Ces problèmes concernent les finances publiques, les conditions macroéconomiques, l'efficacité économique, l'équité intergénérationnelle et l'environnement politique. Il n'existe pas parmi les économistes de consensus sur le niveau optimal de la dette publique. Il existe toutefois un consensus relativement large, au Canada du moins, quant au fait que les niveaux d'endettement actuels sont trop élevés. En particulier, le Québec apparaît aujourd'hui très loin du niveau d'endettement qu'il aurait connu s'il avait respecté la « règle traditionnelle », i.e. s'il s'était endetté seulement pour financer ses investissements en immobilisations. Trois options s'offrent à un gouvernement qui désire réduire le fardeau de son endettement : tabler sur la croissance économique pour réduire « automatiquement » la taille relative de la dette publique, procéder chaque année à des remboursements d'une partie de la dette, ou vendre certains actifs et allouer les montants ainsi obtenus au remboursement de la dette. Le seul recours à l'effet de la croissance économique est une politique risquée. Quant au remboursement de la dette proprement dit, il se caractérise par un arbitrage entre des sacrifices à court terme (dépenses publiques inférieures ou impôts plus élevés) et une marge de man?uvre plus élevée dans le futur. Enfin, la vente d'actifs doit être considérée avec circonspection en raison de l'importance des revenus des sociétés d'État dans le budget du gouvernement du Québec. Une politique appropriée pour le gouvernement du Québec pourrait comprendre : la création d'une réserve annuelle pour éventualités et d'un fonds de stabilisation, l'utilisation aussi souvent que possible de la réserve pour rembourser la dette, et la vente de certains actifs publics pour accélérer la réduction de la dette. Cette proposition présente le triple avantage d'accroître la crédibilité et la prudence de la politique budgétaire québécoise, de reconnaître la nécessité de certains investissements publics à court terme et d'être une réponse efficace aux pressions à venir qui accompagneront le vieillissement de la population.

Suggested Citation

  • Marcelin Joanis & Claude Montmarquette, 2005. "La problématique de la dette publique au Québec : causes, conséquences, solutions," CIRANO Burgundy Reports 2005rb-06, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirbur:2005rb-06
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    File URL: https://cirano.qc.ca/files/publications/2005RB-06.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Marcelin Joanis & David Boisclair & Claude Montmarquette, 2004. "La santé au Québec : des options pour financer la croissance," CIRANO Project Reports 2004rp-04, CIRANO.
    2. Aiyagari, S. Rao & McGrattan, Ellen R., 1998. "The optimum quantity of debt," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 42(3), pages 447-469, October.
    3. Sita Nataraj & John B. Shoven, 2004. "Has the Unified Budget Undermined the Federal Government Trust Funds?," NBER Working Papers 10953, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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    1. Bouthevillain, C. & Paul, L. & Pavot, J., 2007. "Debt retrenchment strategies and control of public spending," Quarterly selection of articles - Bulletin de la Banque de France, Banque de France, issue 08, pages 5-34, Summer.
    2. Claude Montmarquette & Iain Scott, 2007. "Taux d'actualisation pour l'évaluation des investissements publics au Québec," CIRANO Project Reports 2007rp-02, CIRANO.

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