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Crane Double Cycling in Container Ports: Affect on Ship Dwell Time

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  • Goodchild, Anne V.
  • Daganzo, Carlos F.

Abstract

Loading ships as they are unloaded (double-cycling) can improve the efficiency of a quay crane and thus container port. This paper describes the double-cycling problem, and presents two solution algorithms and simple formulae to estimate reductions in the number of operations, and operating time. The problem is formulated as a scheduling problem. Small problems can be solved to optimality with a standard numerical solver, but problems of typical size are computationally burdensome and terminated after 10 hours with optimality gaps larger than 50%. A formula for an improved lower bound to the optimal solution is developed and shows the optimality gaps are actually below 2.5% in all cases. The paper presents a greedy algorithm that can obtain solutions in seconds. A formula for an upper bound to the greedy algorithm's performance can be used to accurately predict crane performance. The problem is extended to include an analysis of double-cycling when ships have deck hatches. Results are presented for many simulated vessels, and compared to empirical data from a real-world trial. The paper demonstrates that analytical methods can be used in addition to numerical methods to provide greater insight. More importantly, the paper demonstrates that double-cycling can create significant efficiency gains.

Suggested Citation

  • Goodchild, Anne V. & Daganzo, Carlos F., 2005. "Crane Double Cycling in Container Ports: Affect on Ship Dwell Time," Institute of Transportation Studies, Research Reports, Working Papers, Proceedings qt9qp7p7jq, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley.
    • Handle: RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt9qp7p7jq
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. I F A Vis & R de Koster & K J Roodbergen & L W P Peeters, 2001. "Determination of the number of automated guided vehicles required at a semi-automated container terminal," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Palgrave Macmillan;The OR Society, vol. 52(4), pages 409-417, April.
    2. Carlos F. Daganzo, 1990. "The Productivity of Multipurpose Seaport Terminals," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 24(3), pages 205-216, August.
    3. De Castilho, Bernardo & Daganzo, Carlos F., 1993. "Handling Strategies for Import Containers at Marine Terminals," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt5gr4622f, University of California Transportation Center.
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    5. Notteboom Theo E., 2004. "Container Shipping And Ports: An Overview," Review of Network Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 3(2), pages 1-21, June.
    6. de Castillo, Bernardo & Daganzo, Carlos F., 1993. "Handling strategies for import containers at marine terminals," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 151-166, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Anne V. Goodchild & Carlos F. Daganzo, 2006. "Double-Cycling Strategies for Container Ships and Their Effect on Ship Loading and Unloading Operations," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 40(4), pages 473-483, November.
    2. Bierwirth, Christian & Meisel, Frank, 2010. "A survey of berth allocation and quay crane scheduling problems in container terminals," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 202(3), pages 615-627, May.
    3. Yanling Chu & Xiaoju Zhang & Zhongzhen Yang, 2017. "Multiple quay cranes scheduling for double cycling in container terminals," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(7), pages 1-19, July.
    4. Goodchild, Anne V. & Daganzo, Carlos, 2005. "Performance Comparison of Crane Double CyclingStrategies," Institute of Transportation Studies, Research Reports, Working Papers, Proceedings qt65s0d62v, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley.
    5. Liu, Ming & Chu, Feng & Zhang, Zizhen & Chu, Chengbin, 2015. "A polynomial-time heuristic for the quay crane double-cycling problem with internal-reshuffling operations," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 52-74.
    6. Dusan Ku & Tiru S. Arthanari, 2016. "On double cycling for container port productivity improvement," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 243(1), pages 55-70, August.

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