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The risk of under‐insurance in the Finnish statutory pension scheme for self‐employed workers: A trajectory analysis

Author

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  • Janne Salonen
  • Lasse Koskinen
  • Tapio Nummi

Abstract

Using unique data on the contribution base, we investigate under‐insurance within the statutory pension scheme for self‐employed workers in Finland. Under‐insurance is defined as the difference between pension‐declared income and tax‐declared income. The trajectory modelling technique applied has allowed us to estimate the levels of under‐insurance for different subgroups and to identify possible explanatory factors. Under‐insurance is found to be persistent and large. The analysis reveals six distinctive and homogenous sub‐groups of self‐employed workers. Close to 84 per cent of these workers pay too little in contributions, often leading to inadequate protection against personal risks. Especially for lower‐income self‐employed workers, this points to myopic behaviour as regards contributing to the self‐employed statutory pension scheme and calls for fine‐tuned economic incentives. Sur la base de données uniques relatives aux cotisations, nous analysons le défaut de couverture sociale dans le régime de pension obligatoire finlandais des travailleurs indépendants. On définit le défaut de couverture sociale comme la différence entre les revenus de retraite déclarés et les revenus déclarés à l’impôt. La technique de la modélisation des trajectoires que nous avons appliquée nous a permis d’estimer le niveau de ce défaut de couverture selon différents sous‐groupes et d’identifier des facteurs explicatifs possibles. Le défaut de couverture sociale se révèle persistant et étendu. L’analyse distingue six sous‐groupes différents et homogènes de travailleurs indépendants. Près de 84 pour cent d’entre eux paient trop peu de cotisations, ce qui entraîne une couverture inadéquate contre les risques personnels. En particulier chez les travailleurs indépendants à plus faible revenu, cette situation mène à des comportements à courte vue en matière de cotisations au régime de pension obligatoire des indépendants et confirme la nécessité d’ajuster les incitations économiques. Utilizando datos únicos sobre la base de cotización, realizamos un estudio sobre el infraseguro en el régimen obligatorio de pensiones para los trabajadores por cuenta propia en Finlandia. El infraseguro se define como la diferencia entre los ingresos declarados para la pensión y los ingresos declarados para fines fiscales. Gracias a la técnica de elaboración de modelos de la trayectoria aplicada, hemos podido calcular los niveles de infraseguro para distintos subgrupos e identificar posibles factores que expliquen la situación. Se han observado situaciones de infraseguro persistentes y de gran magnitud. El análisis revela seis subgrupos distintos y homogéneos de trabajadores por cuenta propia. Cerca del 84 por ciento de estos trabajadores pagan demasiado poco en cotizaciones, lo que a menudo provoca que tengan una protección inadecuada frente a riesgos personales. En particular en el caso de los trabajadores por cuenta propia de bajos ingresos, el problema es la actitud cortoplacista en lo que respecta al pago de cotizaciones al régimen obligatorio de pensiones de dichos trabajadores, y exige incentivos económicos mejorados. Anhand von Daten zur Beitragsgrundlage wurde untersucht, inwieweit Selbstständige im gesetzlichen Rentensystem Finnlands unterversichert sind. Unterversicherung wird definiert als der Unterschied zwischen dem für die Rente angerechneten Einkommen und dem steuerlichen Einkommen. Mit einer Trajektorienmodellierung konnte der Grad der Unterversicherung für verschiedene Untergruppen abgeschätzt werden, und es wurden mögliche erklärende Faktoren aufgezeigt. Der Befund ist eine verbreitete und starke Unterversicherung von Selbstständigen, und die Analyse ergibt sechs homogene Untergruppen. Annähernd 84 Prozent dieser Beschäftigten zahlen zu geringe Beiträge, was oft einen unangemessenen Schutz gegen individuelle Risiken zur Folge hat. Vor allem bei Selbstständigen mit niedrigem Einkommen ist ein kurzsichtiges Verhalten hinsichtlich der Beitragsentrichtung an das gesetzliche Rentensystem auszumachen. Zur Gegensteuerung werden gezielte finanzielle Anreize empfohlen. Используя уникальные данные о базе плательщиков взносов, мы анализируем ситуацию с недостаточно полным страхованием самозанятых лиц в рамках предусмотренной законодательством пенсионной программы в Финляндии. Недострахование определяется как разница между доходом, декларируемым для получения пенсии, и доходом, декларируемым для уплаты налога. Моделирование траектории позволило нам оценить уровни недострахования разных подгрупп и установить возможные причины. Недострахование носит постоянный и масштабный характер. Анализ позволил выделить отличные друг от друга однородные подгруппы самозанятых лиц. Примерно 84% этих работников платят слишком мало взносов, вследствие чего они зачастую недостаточно защищены от персональных рисков. Это говорит о недальновидном поведении самозанятых лиц, особенно с низким уровнем дохода, в отношении уплаты взносов в предусмотренную законодательством пенсионную программу для самозанятых работников и свидетельствует о необходимости доработки экономических стимулов. 芬兰自雇工人养老金计划面临保险不足风险:轨迹分析 珍妮·萨洛宁(Janne Salonen)、拉斯·科斯基宁(Lasse Koskinen)和塔皮奥·努米(Tapio Nummi) 使用缴费基数的特有数据, 我们调查了芬兰自雇工人法定养老金计划中的保险不足问题。根据定义, 保险不足指养老金申报收入与税务申报收入之间存在差异。采用的轨迹建模技术使我们能够估算不同细分群体的保险不足水平, 确定可能的解释因素。保险不足长期存在且涉及范围较广。分析揭示, 自雇工人存在六个独特又具有同质性的群体。近84%的自雇工人社保缴费很低, 经常导致保护不足, 无法抵御个人风险。尤其是低收入自雇工人, 这表明了自雇法定养老金计划缴费方面的短视行为, 需要调整经济激励措施。 خطر التأمين غير الكافي في خطة المعاشات التقاعدية الإلزامية للعاملين لحسابهم الخاص: تحليل للمسارات Janne Salonen و Lasse Koskinen و Tapio Nummi بتحليل التأمين غير الكافي في إطار المعاشات التقاعدية الإلزامية للعاملين لحسابهم الخاص في فنلندا. ويُعرَّف التأمين غير الكافي بأنه الفرق بين الإيرادات المصرح بها من المعاشات والإيرادات المعلن عنها من الضرائب. وسمحت لنا تقنية نمذجة المسارات بتقدير مستوى التأمين غير الكافي لمختلف الفئات الفرعية وبتحديد العوامل المحتملة التي يمكنها تفسير ذلك. ووجدنا أن التأمين غير الكافي هو ظاهرة دائمة وواسعة النطاق . ويكشف التحليل وجود ست فئات فرعية متمايزة ومتجانسة من العاملين لحسابهم الخاص. و ينفق قرابة 84 في المائة من هؤلاء العاملين مبلغاً جدّ ضئيل على الاشتراكات، وهذا ما يؤدي في الغالب إلى توفير حماية غير ملائمة ضد المخاطر الشخصية. و تحد هذ المسألة من بعد النظر فيما يتعلق بالاشتراك في خطط المعاشات التقاعدية الإلزامية للعاملين لحسابهم الخاص، وتدعو إلى وضع تحفيزات اقتصادية مصممة بدقة، لا سيما فيما يتعلق بالعاملين لحسابهم الخاص من ذوي الدخل الأضعف. ،الاشتراكاتنحن نقوم، من خلال استخدام بيانات فريدة بشأن Risco de sub‐seguro no regime legal de aposentadoria da Finlândia para trabalhadores autônomos: análise da trajetória Janne Salonen, Lasse Koskinen e Tapio Nummi Usando dados exclusivos da base de contribuição, investigamos o sub‐seguro no regime legal de aposentadoria para trabalhadores autônomos na Finlândia. Define‐se o sub‐seguro como a diferença entre a receita declarada da aposentadoria e a receita declarada para fins de imposto. A técnica de simulação de trajetória aplicada nos permitiu avaliar os níveis de sub‐seguro de diferentes subgrupos e identificar os possíveis fatores ilustrativos. Apurou‐se que o sub‐seguro é amplo e persistente. A análise revela seis subgrupos distintos e homogêneos de trabalhadores autônomos. Cerca de 84% desses trabalhadores pagam muito pouco em contribuições, muitas vezes levando a uma proteção inadequada contra riscos pessoais. Em especial para os trabalhadores autônomos de baixa renda, isso aponta para um comportamento incongruente no que diz respeito à contribuição para o regime legal de aposentadoria dos trabalhadores autônomos e carece de incentivos econômicos ajustados.

Suggested Citation

  • Janne Salonen & Lasse Koskinen & Tapio Nummi, 2020. "The risk of under‐insurance in the Finnish statutory pension scheme for self‐employed workers: A trajectory analysis," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 73(4), pages 25-48, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:intssr:v:73:y:2020:i:4:p:25-48
    DOI: 10.1111/issr.12249
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