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Pension scheme fees and charge ratios in 44 countries: A comparative study

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  • Taejin Han
  • Dariusz Stańko

Abstract

Based on data received from pension supervisory authorities, the article reviews 85 different pension schemes in 44 jurisdictions by looking at fees and charges as well as their legal ceilings and their development since 2014. A key finding is the observed decrease in fees and caps. The article presents jurisdictions according to clusters, i.e. by groups of countries with identical or very similar items already covered by pension fees, and analyses the extent to which various cost and fee elements are covered by fees charged to members. Finally, we calculate charge ratios for each cluster to quantify the impact of fees and charges on pension savings. Occupational defined contribution pension schemes and personal plans linked to employment tend to be much more cost effective than personal schemes that have no direct employment link. Sur la base de données recueillies auprès d'organismes de contrôle des régimes de pension, l'article examine 85 régimes de pension différents dans 44 juridictions en s'intéressant aux frais, à leurs plafonnements légaux et à leur développement depuis 2014. Une découverte capitale est le déclin observé des frais et des plafonnements. L'article présente les juridictions par groupes, c'est‐à‐dire par ensembles de pays affichant des aspects identiques ou fort similaires déjà couverts par les frais de pension, et analyse dans quelle mesure les différents éléments de coût sont couverts par les frais facturés aux affiliés. Enfin, nous calculons les ratios de coûts pour chaque groupe afin de quantifier l'impact des frais sur l'épargne pension. Les régimes de pension professionnels à cotisations définies et les régimes personnels liés à l'emploi tendent à être bien plus rentables que les régimes personnels sans lien direct avec l'emploi. Resumen. Sobre la base de los datos comunicados por las autoridades de supervisión de las pensiones, en este artículo se examinan las tarifas y las tasas de cotización de 85 regímenes de pensiones de 44 jurisdicciones diferentes, así como sus umbrales legales y su evolución desde 2014. Un dato notable es la disminución de las tasas y de los umbrales. En el artículo se presentan las jurisdicciones por grupos de países que presentan aspectos idénticos o muy similares cubiertos por las tasas de cotización, y se analiza en qué medida los diversos gastos facturados y los costos están cubiertos por las tasas de cotización exigidas a los miembros. Por último, se calculan las tarifas de cada grupo para cuantificar la incidencia de las tasas y las tarifas en los ahorros de pensión. Los regímenes de pensiones profesionales de cotización definida y los planes personales vinculados al empleo tienden a ser mucho más rentables que los regímenes personales sin vínculo directo con el trabajo. Ausgehend von Daten von Rentenaufsichtsbehörden werden im Artikel 85 Rentensysteme aus 44 Ländern untersucht, indem die Gebühren und Abgaben sowie ihre rechtlichen Obergrenzen und die Entwicklung seit 2014 miteinander verglichen werden. Ein wichtiges Ergebnis lautet, dass die Gebühren abgenommen haben und die Obergrenzen gesenkt wurden. Im Artikel werden die Länder zu Gruppen zusammengefasst, in denen gleiche oder sehr ähnliche Posten durch Rentengebühren gedeckt sind, und es wird untersucht, inwieweit die verschiedenen Kosten‐ und Gebührenelemente den Mitgliedern belastet werden. Schließlich berechnen wir die Gebührenbelastung für jede Ländergruppe, um den Einfluss der Gebühren und Abgaben auf die Rentenansparungen zu quantifizieren. Betriebliche Rentensysteme mit festgelegten Beiträgen und persönliche beschäftigungsgebundene Pensionspläne sind meist viel kostensparender als eine persönliche Altersvorsorgelösung, die nicht direkt an die Beschäftigung gebunden ist. Аннотация. Основываясь на данных органов пенсионного надзора, авторы статьи оценивают 85 разных пенсионных программ в 44 юрисдикциях, анализируя сборы и взносы, законодательно установленные верхние пределы и их динамику после 2014 года. Одним из главных выводов стало наблюдаемое снижение сборов и верхних пределов. Юрисдикции представлены в статье по кластерам, т.е. по группам стран с идентичными или очень похожими статьями расходов, покрываемыми пенсионными поступлениями; авторы анализируют, в которой степени различные элементы затрат и сборов покрываются членскими взносами. Наконец, они рассчитывают платёжные коэффициенты для каждого кластера, чтобы количественно оценить влияние сборов и взносов на пенсионные накопления. Профессиональные пенсионные программы с установленными размерами взносов и персональные планы, зависящие от стажа, как правило, гораздо более рентабельны, чем персональные планы, напрямую не связанные с трудовой деятельностью. 根据从养老金监管机构获得的数据, 通过研究费用、缴费率以及法定上限和2014年以来的发展, 文章回顾了44个管辖地的85个不同养老金制度。一个主要发现是观察到费用和上限的下降。文章按组分列管辖地, 将养老金费用涵盖相同或非常相似项目的国家列为一组, 分析了各种成本和费用因素对参保人缴费的影响。最后, 我们通过计算每组缴费率来量化费用和缴费率对养老金储蓄的影响。相较于与就业没有直接关系的个人养老金制度, 与就业相联系的职业固定缴费养老金制度和个人计划更具成本效益。 : استناداً إلى البيانات المتحصل عليها من سلطات الإشراف على المعاشات، يستعرض هذا المقال الملخص85 خطة من خطط المعاشات في 44 ولاية قضائية من خلال النظر في الرسوم والنفقات، فضلاً عن حدودها القانونية وتطورها منذ 2014. ومن النتائج الأساسية هو الانخفاض الملحوظ في الرسوم وحدودها القصوى. ويصنف المقال الولايات القضائية إلى فئات: أي إلى مجموعات من البلدان فيها بنود متماثلة أو متشابهة مشمولة برسوم المعاشات، ويحلل النطاق التي تُشمَل به عناصر التكلفة والرسوم من خلال الرسوم التي تقع على عاتق الأعضاء. وأخيراً، نحسب نسبة النفقات لكل مجموعة لحساب أثر الرسوم والنفقات على مدخرات المعاش. وإن خطط المعاشات والخطط الشخصية المحددة على أساس المساهمات المهنية المرتبطة بالعمل هي أكثر فعالية من الخطط الشخصية التي ليس لها صلة مباشرة بالعمل. Com base nos dados recebidos de órgãos supervisores de pensão, este artigo analisa 85 regimes diferentes de pensão em 44 jurisdições, examinando as taxas e encargos, assim como seus tetos legais e o desenvolvimento havido desde 2014. A principal constatação foi a diminuição observada em taxas e limites máximos. O artigo apresenta as jurisdições segundo agrupamentos, isto é, por grupos de países com elementos idênticos ou muito similares já cobertos pelas taxas de pensão, e analisa a extensão com que os diversos elementos de custos e taxas são cobertos pelas taxas cobradas dos membros. Finalmente, calculamos os coeficientes de encargos para cada agrupamento a fim de quantificar o impacto das taxas e encargos sobre o pecúlio da pensão. Regimes de contribuição de pensão definidos em termos ocupacionais e planos pessoais vinculados ao emprego tendem a ser muito mais econômicos do que os regimes pessoais que não têm vínculo direto com o emprego.

Suggested Citation

  • Taejin Han & Dariusz Stańko, 2020. "Pension scheme fees and charge ratios in 44 countries: A comparative study," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 73(1), pages 99-137, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:intssr:v:73:y:2020:i:1:p:99-137
    DOI: 10.1111/issr.12229
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hamdani, Assaf & Kandel, Eugene & Mugerman, Yevgeny & Yafeh, Yishay, 2017. "Incentive Fees and Competition in Pension Funds: Evidence from a Regulatory Experiment," Journal of Law, Finance, and Accounting, now publishers, vol. 2(1), pages 49-86, June.
    2. Elaine Fultz & Kenichi Hirose, 2019. "Second‐pillar pensions in Central and Eastern Europe: Payment constraints and exit options," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 72(2), pages 3-22, April.
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    1. Mantilla-García, Daniel & García-Huitrón, Manuel E. & Concha-Perdomo, Alvaro & Aldana-Galindo, Julian R., 2023. "Is my pension fund more expensive? Estimating equivalent assets-based and contribution-based management fees," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    2. Lučivjanská, Katarína & Lyócsa, Štefan & Radvanský, Marek & Širaňová, Mária, 2022. "Return adjusted charge ratios: What drives fees and costs of pension schemes?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 48(C).

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