IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/coacre/v38y2021i1p707-739.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Valuing Initial Public Offerings Using Article 11 Pro Forma Financial Information in the Prospectus

Author

Listed:
  • Jerry W. Chen
  • Jing Zhou

Abstract

We investigate whether Article 11 pro forma financial information assists investors in valuing IPOs. While the SEC expects it to be helpful in assisting investment decisions, Article 11 pro forma financial information is based on registrants' understanding and assumptions, and registrants can exercise their own judgment when preparing pro forma financial statements. It is therefore an empirical question whether the information contained in pro forma financial statements is useful to investors. We examine the association between pro forma adjustments of earnings and book value of equity and the IPO offer value and find asymmetric results. While positive pro forma adjustments of earnings and book value of equity are positively associated with the IPO offer value, negative pro forma adjustments of earnings and book value of equity are negatively associated with the IPO offer value, suggesting that negative pro forma adjustments are priced as growth opportunities. Additional analyses reveal that the association between pro forma adjustments of book value of equity and the IPO offer value varies across different time periods and industries and that pro forma adjustments of book value of equity are initially mispriced by investors. In contrast, we do not find similar results for pro forma adjustments of earnings. Further empirical tests show that the asymmetric results of mispricing of pro forma adjustments of earnings and book value of equity may be explained by the requirements of Article 11 of Regulation S‐X for pro forma adjustments dictating that adjustments to earnings reflect only recurring items while adjustments to book value reflect both recurring and nonrecurring items. Évaluation des PAPE à partir de l'information financière pro forma de l'article 11 contenue dans le prospectus Les auteurs se demandent si l'information financière pro forma de l'article 11 aide les investisseurs à évaluer les PAPE. Bien que la SEC s'attende à ce qu'elle soit utile aux décisions d'investissement, l'information financière pro forma de l'article 11 repose sur les interprétations et les hypothèses des émetteurs inscrits qui peuvent exercer leur propre jugement dans la préparation des états financiers pro forma . L'utilité de l'information contenue dans les états financiers pro forma pour les investisseurs soulève donc une question pragmatique. En analysant le lien entre les ajustements pro forma apportés aux résultats et à la valeur comptable des capitaux propres et la valeur de l'offre des PAPE, les auteurs obtiennent des résultats asymétriques. Si le lien est positif entre les ajustements pro forma positifs des résultats et de la valeur comptable des capitaux propres et la valeur de l'offre des PAPE, il est négatif entre les ajustements pro forma négatifs des résultats et de la valeur comptable des capitaux propres et la valeur de l'offre des PAPE, ce qui semble indiquer que les ajustements pro forma négatifs sont envisagés comme des possibilités de croissance. Des analyses supplémentaires révèlent que le lien entre les ajustements pro forma de la valeur comptable des capitaux propres et la valeur de l'offre des PAPE varie selon les différentes périodes et les différents secteurs d'activité, et que les investisseurs commettent initialement des erreurs dans l’évaluation des ajustements pro forma de la valeur comptable des capitaux propres. En revanche, les observations des auteurs ne sont pas les mêmes dans le cas des ajustements pro forma apportés aux résultats. D'autres tests empiriques montrent que l'asymétrie des erreurs d’évaluation des ajustements pro forma des résultats et de la valeur comptable des capitaux propres peut s'expliquer par les exigences de l'article 11 du Règlement S‐X relatives aux ajustements pro forma selon lesquelles les ajustements apportés aux résultats ne doivent refléter que les éléments récurrents, alors que ceux qui sont apportés à la valeur comptable doivent refléter les éléments tant récurrents que non récurrents.

Suggested Citation

  • Jerry W. Chen & Jing Zhou, 2021. "Valuing Initial Public Offerings Using Article 11 Pro Forma Financial Information in the Prospectus," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(1), pages 707-739, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:38:y:2021:i:1:p:707-739
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12608
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12608
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/1911-3846.12608?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Loughran, Tim & McDonald, Bill, 2013. "IPO first-day returns, offer price revisions, volatility, and form S-1 language," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(2), pages 307-326.
    2. Eli Bartov & Partha Mohanram & Chandrakanth Seethamraju, 2002. "Valuation of Internet Stocks—An IPO Perspective," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(2), pages 321-346, May.
    3. Andrew J. Leone & Steve Rock & Michael Willenborg, 2007. "Disclosure of Intended Use of Proceeds and Underpricing in Initial Public Offerings," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(1), pages 111-153, March.
    4. Leland, Hayne E & Pyle, David H, 1977. "Informational Asymmetries, Financial Structure, and Financial Intermediation," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 32(2), pages 371-387, May.
    5. Ball, Ray & Shivakumar, Lakshmanan, 2008. "Earnings quality at initial public offerings," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(2-3), pages 324-349, August.
    6. Clara Xiaoling Chen & Hai Lu & Theodore Sougiannis, 2012. "The Agency Problem, Corporate Governance, and the Asymmetrical Behavior of Selling, General, and Administrative Costs," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 29(1), pages 252-282, March.
    7. Bhattacharya, Nilabhra & Black, Ervin L. & Christensen, Theodore E. & Larson, Chad R., 2003. "Assessing the relative informativeness and permanence of pro forma earnings and GAAP operating earnings," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(1-3), pages 285-319, December.
    8. Christopher Armstrong & George Foster & Daniel Taylor, 2016. "Abnormal Accruals in Newly Public Companies: Opportunistic Misreporting or Economic Activity?," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 62(5), pages 1316-1338, May.
    9. Amiyatosh K. Purnanandam, 2004. "Are IPOs Really Underpriced?," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 17(3), pages 811-848.
    10. Tim Loughran & Jay Ritter, 2004. "Why Has IPO Underpricing Changed Over Time?," Financial Management, Financial Management Association, vol. 33(3), Fall.
    11. Beatty, Randolph P. & Ritter, Jay R., 1986. "Investment banking, reputation, and the underpricing of initial public offerings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 15(1-2), pages 213-232.
    12. Richard B. Carter & Frederick H. Dark & Ajai K. Singh, 1998. "Underwriter Reputation, Initial Returns, and the Long-Run Performance of IPO Stocks," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 53(1), pages 285-311, February.
    13. Fama, Eugene F. & French, Kenneth R., 1993. "Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(1), pages 3-56, February.
    14. Rajesh Aggarwal & Sanjai Bhagat & Srinivasan Rangan, 2009. "The Impact of Fundamentals on IPO Valuation," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 38(2), pages 253-284, June.
    15. Louis K. C. Chan & Jason Karceski & Josef Lakonishok, 2003. "The Level and Persistence of Growth Rates," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 58(2), pages 643-684, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Michael Willenborg & Biyu Wu & Yanhua Sunny Yang, 2015. "Issuer Operating Performance and IPO Price Formation," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 53(5), pages 1109-1149, December.
    2. Natalia Matanova & Tanja Steigner & Bingsheng Yi & Qiancheng Zheng, 2019. "Going concern opinions and IPO pricing accuracy," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 53(1), pages 195-238, July.
    3. Banerjee, Shantanu & Güçbilmez, Ufuk & Pawlina, Grzegorz, 2016. "Leaders and followers in hot IPO markets," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 309-334.
    4. Paul B. McGuinness, 2016. "Post-IPO performance and its association with subscription cascades and issuers’ strategic-political importance," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 46(2), pages 291-333, February.
    5. Reber, Beat & Vencappa, Dev, 2016. "Deliberate premarket underpricing and aftermarket mispricing: New insights on IPO pricing," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 18-33.
    6. Boucher, Carène & Kooli, Maher, 2022. "Anatomy of money-losing IPOs," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    7. Rajesh Aggarwal & Sanjai Bhagat & Srinivasan Rangan, 2009. "The Impact of Fundamentals on IPO Valuation," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 38(2), pages 253-284, June.
    8. Xiaotao (Kelvin) Liu & Biyu Wu, 2021. "Do IPO Firms Misclassify Expenses? Implications for IPO Price Formation and Post-IPO Stock Performance," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(7), pages 4505-4531, July.
    9. Wang, Zhiqiang & Su, Bingbai & Coakley, Jerry & Shen, Zhe, 2018. "Prospect theory and IPO returns in China," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 726-751.
    10. Shao‐Chi Chang & Tsai‐Yen Chung & Wen‐Chun Lin, 2010. "Underwriter reputation, earnings management and the long‐run performance of initial public offerings," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 50(1), pages 53-78, March.
    11. Waqas Mehmood & Rasidah Mohd-Rashid & Yasir Abdullah & Ataul Karim Patwary & Attia Aman-Ullah, 2023. "Inclusive mapping of initial public offerings: a bibliometric and literature review study," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 655-700, February.
    12. Elizabeth Demers & Philip Joos, 2007. "IPO Failure Risk," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(2), pages 333-371, May.
    13. Chunhua Chen & Chuntai Jin & Tianze Li & Steven X. Zheng, 2018. "IPO valuation and offering size," Risk Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 20(2), pages 95-120, May.
    14. Jeppsson, Hans, 2018. "Initial public offerings, subscription precommitments and venture capital participation," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 650-668.
    15. Bing Li & Zhenbin Liu, 2017. "The oversight role of regulators: evidence from SEC comment letters in the IPO process," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 22(3), pages 1229-1260, September.
    16. McGuinness, Paul B., 2016. "Voluntary profit forecast disclosures, IPO pricing revisions and after-market earnings drift," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 70-83.
    17. Carey, Peter & Fang, Victor & Zhang, Hong Feng, 2016. "The role of optimistic news stories in IPO pricing," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 16-29.
    18. Katsafados, Apostolos G. & Androutsopoulos, Ion & Chalkidis, Ilias & Fergadiotis, Manos & Leledakis, George N. & Pyrgiotakis, Emmanouil G., 2020. "Textual Information and IPO Underpricing: A Machine Learning Approach," MPRA Paper 103813, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    19. Butler, Alexander W. & Keefe, Michael O'Connor & Kieschnick, Robert, 2014. "Robust determinants of IPO underpricing and their implications for IPO research," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 367-383.
    20. Elvira Tiziana La Rocca, 2016. "Ipo, Underpricing e Corporate governance: una meta analisi," ESPERIENZE D'IMPRESA, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2016(1), pages 41-64.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:38:y:2021:i:1:p:707-739. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://doi.org/10.1111/(ISSN)1911-3846 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.