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Pharmaceutical regulation under market integration through parallel trade

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  • Laura Birg

Abstract

In this paper, I study the effect of parallel trade (cross‐border resale of goods without the authorization of the manufacturer) on pharmaceutical regulation. Governments may restrict prices directly (price caps) or limit third‐party payer reimbursement for the drug (reimbursement limits). I find that parallel trade may relax regulation in the source country of parallel imports under both instruments and intensify regulation in the destination country under a reimbursement limit. I also find that parallel trade may change regulatory preferences: under no parallel trade, both the source and destination country set price caps, and under parallel trade, the source country sets a price cap but the destination country sets a reimbursement limit, thereby enforcing a higher price cap in the South. This implies that drug prices are higher under parallel trade in both source and destination countries. Réglementation pharmaceutique dans le cadre de l'intégration du marché par le commerce parallèle. Dans cet article, j'étudie l'effet du commerce parallèle (revente transfrontalière de biens sans l'autorisation du fabricant) sur la réglementation pharmaceutique. Les gouvernements peuvent restreindre les prix directement (plafonnement des prix) ou limiter le remboursement du médicament par les tiers payeurs (limite de remboursement). Je constate que le commerce parallèle peut assouplir la réglementation dans le pays d'origine des importations parallèles avec les deux instruments et intensifier la réglementation dans le pays de destination avec une limite de remboursement. Je constate également que le commerce parallèle peut modifier les préférences réglementaires : en l'absence de commerce parallèle, le pays d'origine et le pays de destination fixent tous deux des plafonds de prix. Dans le cadre du commerce parallèle, le pays d'origine fixe un plafond de prix, mais le pays de destination fixe une limite de remboursement, imposant ainsi un plafond de prix plus élevé en aval. Cela signifie que les prix des médicaments sont plus élevés dans le cadre du commerce parallèle, tant dans le pays d'origine que dans le pays de destination.

Suggested Citation

  • Laura Birg, 2023. "Pharmaceutical regulation under market integration through parallel trade," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 56(4), pages 1322-1346, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:56:y:2023:i:4:p:1322-1346
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12647
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bennato, Anna Rita & Valletti, Tommaso, 2014. "Pharmaceutical innovation and parallel trade," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 83-92.
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    3. Pierre Dubois & Morten Sæthre, 2020. "On the Effect of Parallel Trade on Manufacturers' and Retailers' Profits in the Pharmaceutical Sector," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 88(6), pages 2503-2545, November.
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    6. Tomaso Duso & Annika Herr & Moritz Suppliet, 2014. "The Welfare Impact Of Parallel Imports: A Structural Approach Applied To The German Market For Oral Anti‐Diabetics," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 23(9), pages 1036-1057, September.
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    13. Santanu Roy & Kamal Saggi, 2023. "Equilibrium parallel import policies and international market structure," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Kamal Saggi (ed.), Technology Transfer, Foreign Direct Investment, and the Protection of Intellectual Property in the Global Economy, chapter 15, pages 349-363, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
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    17. Patricia M. Danzon, 2018. "Differential Pricing of Pharmaceuticals: Theory, Evidence and Emerging Issues," PharmacoEconomics, Springer, vol. 36(12), pages 1395-1405, December.
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    19. Margaret K. Kyle, 2007. "Pharmaceutical Price Controls and Entry Strategies," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 89(1), pages 88-99, February.
    20. Izabela Jelovac & Catalina Bordoy, 2005. "Pricing and Welfare Implications of Parallel Imports in the Pharmaceutical Industry," International Journal of Health Economics and Management, Springer, vol. 5(1), pages 5-21, January.
    21. David Granlund & Miyase Koksal-Ayhan, 2015. "Parallel imports and a mandatory substitution reform: a kick or a muff for price competition in pharmaceuticals?," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 16(9), pages 969-983, December.
    22. David Granlund, 2022. "The Price Effects of Competition from Parallel Imports and Therapeutic Alternatives: Using Dynamic Models to Estimate the Causal Effect on the Extensive and Intensive Margins," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 60(1), pages 63-92, February.
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