IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/canjec/v51y2018i2p321-360.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Welfare analysis when people are different

Author

Listed:
  • Krishna Pendakur

Abstract

Inequality and poverty estimation (indeed, all welfare analysis) must deal with the fact that people are heterogeneous. Equivalence scales and indifference scales are tools that may be used for this. An equivalence scale gives the relative costs faced by different people; an indifference scale gives the relative cost of living for people in different types of households. Equivalence scales and indifference scales can be estimated using off‐the‐shelf household‐level consumer expenditure data and standard econometric techniques for nonlinear equation systems. I offer a short introduction to the identification, estimation and use of equivalence scales and indifference scales and argue that these are complementary tools in the analysis of inequality and poverty. The methods are illustrated with Canadian household expenditure data from the Surveys of Household Spending 2004–2009. Estimated equivalence scales for disability are presented, along with estimated household model parameters and an analysis of consumption poverty. Résumé Analyse du niveau de bien‐être quand les gens sont différents. Les mesures d’inégalité et de pauvreté (en fait toutes les mesures et analyses du niveau de bien‐être) doivent prendre en compte le fait que les gens sont hétérogènes. Les échelles d’équivalence et les échelles d’indifférence sont des outils qu’on peut utiliser pour ce faire. Une échelle d’équivalence établit les coûts relatifs auxquels les différentes personnes doivent faire face; une échelle d’indifférence établit le coût relatif différent de gens qui font partie de différents types de ménages. Les échelles d’équivalence et les échelles d’indifférence peuvent être estimées à l’aide de données sur les dépenses de consommation des ménages pour les produits et services disponibles sur le marché, et des techniques économétriques conventionnelles pour calibrer les systèmes d’équations non‐linéaires. L’auteur présente une courte introduction aux problèmes d’identification, d’estimation, et d’usage des échelles d’équivalence et des échelles d’indifférence, et propose que ce sont des outils complémentaires dans l’analyse de l’inégalité et de la pauvreté. Les méthodes sont illustrées à l’aide de données sur les dépenses des ménages canadiens fournies par les Enquêtes sur les dépenses des ménages 2004‐2009. Les échelles d’équivalence sont estimées pour l’incapacité, ainsi que les paramètres estimés du modèle des ménages et une analyse de la pauvreté en termes de consommation.

Suggested Citation

  • Krishna Pendakur, 2018. "Welfare analysis when people are different," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 51(2), pages 321-360, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:51:y:2018:i:2:p:321-360
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12335
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12335
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/caje.12335?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Martin Browning & Pierre-André Chiappori & Arthur Lewbel, 2013. "Estimating Consumption Economies of Scale, Adult Equivalence Scales, and Household Bargaining Power," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 80(4), pages 1267-1303.
    2. Hoderlein, Stefan & Klemelä, Jussi & Mammen, Enno, 2010. "Analyzing The Random Coefficient Model Nonparametrically," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 26(3), pages 804-837, June.
    3. Gary S. Becker, 1981. "A Treatise on the Family," NBER Books, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number beck81-1, March.
    4. Laurens Cherchye & Bram De Rock & Arthur Lewbel & Frederic Vermeulen, 2015. "Sharing Rule Identification for General Collective Consumption Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 83(5), pages 2001-2041, September.
    5. Arthur Lewbel & Krishna Pendakur, 2017. "Unobserved Preference Heterogeneity in Demand Using Generalized Random Coefficients," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 125(4), pages 1100-1148.
    6. M. Browning & P. A. Chiappori, 1998. "Efficient Intra-Household Allocations: A General Characterization and Empirical Tests," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 66(6), pages 1241-1278, November.
    7. van Praag, B. M. S., 1984. "Household Cost Functions And Equivalence Scales An Alternative Approach," Econometric Institute Archives 272287, Erasmus University Rotterdam.
    8. Bernard M. S. van Praag & Nico L. van der Sar, 1988. "Household Cost Functions and Equivalence Scales," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 23(2), pages 193-210.
    9. Frederic Vermeulen, 2002. "Collective Household Models: Principles and Main Results," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 16(4), pages 533-564, September.
    10. Browning, Martin & Francois Bourguignon & Pierre-Andre Chiappori & Valerie Lechene, 1994. "Income and Outcomes: A Structural Model of Intrahousehold Allocation," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 102(6), pages 1067-1096, December.
    11. Sam Norris & Krishna Pendakur, 2015. "Consumption inequality in Canada, 1997 to 2009," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 48(2), pages 773-792, May.
    12. Laurens Cherchye & Thomas Demuynck & Bram De Rock & Frederic Vermeulen, 2017. "Household Consumption When the Marriage Is Stable," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 107(6), pages 1507-1534, June.
    13. Jerry A. Hausman & Whitney K. Newey, 2016. "Individual Heterogeneity and Average Welfare," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 84, pages 1225-1248, May.
    14. Geoffrey R. Dunbar & Arthur Lewbel & Krishna Pendakur, 2021. "Identification of Random Resource Shares in Collective Households Without Preference Similarity Restrictions," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 39(2), pages 402-421, March.
    15. Sam Norris & Krishna Pendakur, 2013. "Imputing rent in consumption measures, with an application to consumption poverty in Canada, 1997–2009," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 46(4), pages 1537-1570, November.
    16. Menon, Martina & Pendakur, Krishna & Perali, Federico, 2012. "On the expenditure-dependence of children’s resource shares," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 117(3), pages 739-742.
    17. Krishna Pendakur, 1998. "Changes In Canadian Family Income And Family Consumption Inequality Between 1978 And 1992," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 44(2), pages 259-282, June.
    18. Arthur Lewbel & Krishna Pendakur, 2009. "Tricks with Hicks: The EASI Demand System," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 99(3), pages 827-863, June.
    19. Udo Ebert & Patrick Moyes, 2003. "Equivalence Scales Reconsidered," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 71(1), pages 319-343, January.
    20. Vermeulen, Frederic, 2002. "Collective Household Models: Principles and Main Results," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 16(4), pages 533-564, September.
    21. Pendakur, Krishna, 2002. "Taking prices seriously in the measurement of inequality," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(1), pages 47-69, October.
    22. Koulovatianos, Christos & Schrder, Carsten & Schmidt, Ulrich, 2009. "Nonmarket Household Time and the Cost of Children," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 27, pages 42-51.
    23. Donaldson, David & Pendakur, Krishna, 2006. "The Identification of Fixed Costs From Consumer Behavior," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 24, pages 255-265, July.
    24. Pierre‐André Chiappori & Ju Hyun Kim, 2017. "A note on identifying heterogeneous sharing rules," Quantitative Economics, Econometric Society, vol. 8(1), pages 201-218, March.
    25. Geoffrey R. Dunbar & Arthur Lewbel & Krishna Pendakur, 2013. "Children's Resources in Collective Households: Identification, Estimation, and an Application to Child Poverty in Malawi," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 103(1), pages 438-471, February.
    26. Richard Blundell & Alan Duncan & Krishna Pendakur, 1998. "Semiparametric estimation and consumer demand," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(5), pages 435-461.
    27. Braithwaite , Jeanine & Mont , Daniel, 2008. "Disability and poverty : a survey of World Bank poverty assessments and implications," Social Protection Discussion Papers and Notes 42754, The World Bank.
    28. James Banks & Richard Blundell & Arthur Lewbel, 1997. "Quadratic Engel Curves And Consumer Demand," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 79(4), pages 527-539, November.
    29. Lewbel, Arthur & Pendakur, Krishna, 2008. "Estimation of collective household models with Engel curves," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 147(2), pages 350-358, December.
    30. Chiappori, Pierre-Andre, 1992. "Collective Labor Supply and Welfare," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 100(3), pages 437-467, June.
    31. Blundell,R. W. & Preston,Ian & Walker,Ian (ed.), 1994. "The Measurement of Household Welfare," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521451956.
    32. Pierre‐André Chiappori, 2016. "Equivalence versus Indifference Scales," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 0(592), pages 523-545, May.
    33. Donaldson, David & Pendakur, Krishna, 2004. "Equivalent-expenditure functions and expenditure-dependent equivalence scales," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(1-2), pages 175-208, January.
    34. Lewbel, Arthur, 1989. "Household equivalence scales and welfare comparisons," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 377-391, August.
    35. Asghar Zaidi & Tania Burchardt, 2005. "Comparing Incomes When Needs Differ: Equivalization For The Extra Costs Of Disability In The U.K," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 51(1), pages 89-114, March.
    36. Orazio Attanasio & Erik Hurst & Luigi Pistaferri, 2012. "The Evolution of Income, Consumption, and Leisure Inequality in The US, 1980-2010," NBER Working Papers 17982, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    37. Theo Goedhart & Victor Halberstadt & Arie Kapteyn & Bernard van Praag, 1977. "The Poverty Line: Concept and Measurement," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 12(4), pages 503-520.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Valérie Lechene & Krishna Pendakur & Alexander Wolf, 2020. "OLS estimation of the intra-household distribution of expenditure," IFS Working Papers W20/6, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
    2. Stanislaw Maciej Kot, 2023. "Equivalence scales for continuous distributions of expenditure," Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 18(1), pages 185-218, March.
    3. Grodner, Andrew & Lasso de la Vega, Casilda & Salas, Rafael & Zeager, Lester A., 2022. "A local equivalence scale and its information basis," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    4. NIKIEMA, Relwendé Apollinaire, 2024. "Intrahousehold Consumption Inequality, Economies of Scale, Indifference Scales, and Family Structure," IDE Discussion Papers 915, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO).
    5. Wenying Li & Jeffrey H. Dorfman, 2021. "Intrahousehold Economies of Scale with Application to Food Assistance and Work Incentive Programs," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 103(4), pages 1251-1267, August.
    6. Calvi, Rossella & Penglase, Jacob & Tommasi, Denni & Wolf, Alexander, 2023. "The more the poorer? Resource sharing and scale economies in large families," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    7. Sarantis Tsiaplias, 2021. "The Welfare Implications of Unobserved Heterogeneity," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 67(4), pages 1029-1051, December.
    8. Steven F. Koch, 2023. "Basic Needs (in)Security and Subjective Equivalence Scales," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 169(3), pages 723-757, October.
    9. Bose-Duker,Theophiline & Gaddis,Isis & Kilic,Talip & Lechene,Valérie & Pendakur,Krishna, 2021. "Diamonds in the Rough? : Repurposing Multi-Topic Surveys to Estimate Individual-Level Consumption Poverty," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9661, The World Bank.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lewbel, Arthur & Lin, Xirong, 2022. "Identification of semiparametric model coefficients, with an application to collective households," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 226(2), pages 205-223.
    2. Donni, Olivier & Molina, José Alberto, 2018. "Household Collective Models: Three Decades of Theoretical Contributions and Empirical Evidence," IZA Discussion Papers 11915, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    3. Calvi, Rossella & Penglase, Jacob & Tommasi, Denni & Wolf, Alexander, 2023. "The more the poorer? Resource sharing and scale economies in large families," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    4. Brown, Caitlin & Calvi, Rossella & Penglase, Jacob, 2021. "Sharing the pie: An analysis of undernutrition and individual consumption in Bangladesh," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    5. Botosaru, Irene & Muris, Chris & Pendakur, Krishna, 2023. "Identification of time-varying transformation models with fixed effects, with an application to unobserved heterogeneity in resource shares," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 232(2), pages 576-597.
    6. Wilman J. Iglesias & Alexandre B. Coelho, 2020. "Poverty and inequality within Brazilian households: an application of a collective consumption model," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 58(4), pages 1923-1952, April.
    7. Lucia Mangiavacchi & Luca Piccoli, 2022. "Gender Inequalities Among Adults and Children: Exposure to Migration and the Evolution of Social Norms in Albania," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 43(3), pages 546-564, September.
    8. Irene Botosaru & Chris Muris & Krishna Pendakur, 2020. "Intertemporal Collective Household Models: Identification in Short Panels with Unobserved Heterogeneity in Resource Shares," Department of Economics Working Papers 2020-09, McMaster University.
    9. Stanislaw Maciej Kot, 2023. "Equivalence scales for continuous distributions of expenditure," Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 18(1), pages 185-218, March.
    10. Hubner, Stefan, 2023. "Identification of unobserved distribution factors and preferences in the collective household model," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 234(1), pages 301-326.
    11. Geoffrey R. Dunbar & Arthur Lewbel & Krishna Pendakur, 2021. "Identification of Random Resource Shares in Collective Households Without Preference Similarity Restrictions," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 39(2), pages 402-421, March.
    12. Echeverría, Lucía, 2020. "Modelos colectivos de consumo y distribución intra-hogar. Teoría y aplicaciones," Nülan. Deposited Documents 3832, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, Centro de Documentación.
    13. Lin, Xirong, 2023. "Food demand and cash transfers: A collective household approach with Homescan data," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 233-259.
    14. Laurens CHERCHYE & Thomas DEMUYNCK & Bram DE ROCK, 2010. "Noncooperative household consumption with caring," Working Papers of Department of Economics, Leuven ces10.34, KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB), Department of Economics, Leuven.
    15. Lewbel, Arthur & Pendakur, Krishna, 2008. "Estimation of collective household models with Engel curves," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 147(2), pages 350-358, December.
    16. Cherchye, Laurens & Cosaert, Sam & De Rock, Bram & Kerstens, Pieter Jan & Vermeulen, Frederic, 2018. "Individual welfare analysis for collective households," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 98-114.
    17. Wenying Li & Jeffrey H. Dorfman, 2021. "Intrahousehold Economies of Scale with Application to Food Assistance and Work Incentive Programs," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 103(4), pages 1251-1267, August.
    18. Arthur Lewbel & Krishna Pendakur, 2021. "Estimating A Model of Inefficient Cooperation and Consumption in Collective Households," Boston College Working Papers in Economics 1048, Boston College Department of Economics.
    19. Arthur Lewbel & Krishna Pendakur, 2022. "Inefficient Collective Households: Cooperation and Consumption," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 132(645), pages 1882-1893.
    20. Martina Menon & Federico Perali, 2012. "The Sharing Rule: Where Is It?," Working Papers 16/2012, University of Verona, Department of Economics.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • C14 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:51:y:2018:i:2:p:321-360. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://doi.org/10.1111/(ISSN)1540-5982 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.