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Alternative hypotheses and the volume of trade: the gravity equation and the extent of specialization

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  • Jon Haveman
  • David Hummels

Abstract

. We examine why the gravity equation works and the implications for its use. First, we demonstrate that the gravity equation as a statistical relationship can be generated from a model with incomplete specialization and trade costs. Second, we analyse the predominance of zero bilateral trade values as a ‘puzzle’ broadly inconsistent with the complete specialization models typically used to derive the gravity equation, but consistent with the alternative hypothesis of incomplete specialization. Third, we demonstrate that the explanation for why the gravity equation works has considerable relevance for how the gravity equation is interpreted and used and how we view bilateral trade. Diverses hypothèses et le volume du commerce: l’équation de gravité et le degré de spécialisation. Les auteurs examinent comment fonctionne l’équation de gravité et les implications de son usage. On propose trois contributions. D’abord, on montre que l’équation de gravité en tant que relation statistique (et non pas en tant que prédiction spécifique de commerce bilatéral) peut être produite à partir d’un modèle avec spécialisation incomplète et coûts de transaction. Ensuite, on analyse la prédominance de valeurs zéro dans les commerces bilatéraux en tant qu’énigme – généralement incompatible avec les modèles de spécialisation complète utilisés habituellement pour dériver l’équation de gravité mais compatible avec l’hypothèse de rechange de spécialisation incomplète. Enfin, on montre que les raisons pour lesquelles l’équation de gravité fonctionne ont un impact sur la façon de l’interpréter et de l’utiliser, et sur notre façon de concevoir le commerce bilatéral.

Suggested Citation

  • Jon Haveman & David Hummels, 2004. "Alternative hypotheses and the volume of trade: the gravity equation and the extent of specialization," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(1), pages 199-218, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:37:y:2004:i:1:p:199-218
    DOI: 10.1111/j.0008-4085.2004.011_1.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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