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What Do FAS 157 “Fair Values” Really Measure: Value Or Risk?

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  • Joshua Ronen

Abstract

FAS 157, the U.S. accounting standard that prescribes how fair values of assets and liabilities are to be measured when other U.S. GAAP standards require fair valuation, stipulates that fair values be measured as the exit values of assets and liabilities—the proceeds for assets hypothetically sold on the date of the financial report, and, correspondingly, the amount required to settle liabilities on the date of the financial report. This conceptual article argues that exit values do not reflect the value of the net assets of the firm to shareholders, which is best reflected by discounted cash flows to maturity. Moreover, exit values—biasing fair values downward when markets are illiquid—have a pernicious, systemic risk effect; specifically, they give rise to write‐downs that in turn cause contagion: prices of equities and other financial instruments of peers react negatively, leading to further write‐downs by those peers. This may have aggravated the recent financial crisis. However, while exit values are not proper measures of value to shareholders, they are useful measures of downside risk when prospects turn sour for a firm. Thus, both exit values and discounted cash flows should be presented in financial statements. Que mesure véritablement la FAS 157 sur les justes valeurs : la valeur ou le risque? Résumé La FAS 157, la norme comptable des États‐Unis qui prescrit comment déterminer les justes valeurs des actifs et des passifs pour répondre aux exigences des autres PCGR américains pouvant exiger ce type d'évaluation, stipule que les justes valeurs doivent être établies en fonction des valeurs de sortie des actifs et des passifs — soit, dans le cas des actifs, le produit de leur vente hypothétique à la date du rapport financier et, réciproquement dans le cas des passifs, la somme nécessaire à leur règlement à la date du rapport financier. Dans le document de réflexion qu'il propose, l'auteur affirme que les valeurs de sortie ne reflètent pas la valeur des actifs nets de l'entreprise pour les actionnaires, et que la valeur la plus représentative est celle des flux de trésorerie à l'échéance actualisés. En outre, l'utilisation des valeurs de sortie — qui entraîne une distorsion des valeurs à la baisse lorsque les marchés sont illiquides — a un effet pernicieux sur le risque systémique; en effet, elle provoque des réductions de valeur épidémiques : le cours des actions et autres instruments financiers des homologues réagit négativement, ce qui entraîne chez eux de nouvelles réductions de valeur. Il se peut même que cet effet d'entraînement ait aggravé la crise financière récente. Cependant, bien que les valeurs de sortie ne soient pas des mesures appropriées de la valeur pour les actionnaires, il s'agit néanmoins de mesures utiles du risque de chute des cours lorsque les perspectives se gâtent pour une entreprise. C'est pourquoi les états financiers devraient présenter, selon l'auteur, à la fois les valeurs de sortie et les flux de trésorerie actualisés.

Suggested Citation

  • Joshua Ronen, 2012. "What Do FAS 157 “Fair Values” Really Measure: Value Or Risk?," Accounting Perspectives, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(3), pages 149-164, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:accper:v:11:y:2012:i:3:p:149-164
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1911-3838.2012.00037.x
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    1. Gary Gorton, 2008. "The panic of 2007," Proceedings - Economic Policy Symposium - Jackson Hole, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, pages 131-262.
    2. Joshua Ronen, 2008. "To Fair Value or Not to Fair Value: A Broader Perspective," Abacus, Accounting Foundation, University of Sydney, vol. 44(2), pages 181-208, June.
    3. Ronen, Joshua, 2002. "Policy reforms in the aftermath of accounting scandals," Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, Elsevier, vol. 21(4-5), pages 281-286.
    4. Allen, Franklin & Carletti, Elena & Gale, Douglas, 2009. "Interbank market liquidity and central bank intervention," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(5), pages 639-652, July.
    5. Gary Gorton, 2008. "The panic of 2007," Proceedings - Economic Policy Symposium - Jackson Hole, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, pages 131-262.
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    1. Veltri, Stefania & Ferraro, Olga, 2018. "Does other comprehensive income matter in credit-oriented systems? Analyzing the Italian context," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 18-31.

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