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Measuring the social impacts associated with Super Bowl XLIII: Preliminary development of a psychic income scale

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  • Woosoon Kim
  • Matthew Walker

Abstract

► Initial validation including face and content validity tests and a pilot test resulted in 42 scale items across seven factors. ► A principal component analysis identified 32 items under 5 factors. ► A 5-factor model with 22 items resulted after a confirmatory factor analysis. ► Sport events will generate community pride, excitement, and attachment, and improve community infrastructure. ► Enhanced community attachment is an addition to a model to assess the psychic income scale.Sport mega-events have taken on an elevated profile and assumed a key role as urban and regional development strategies. While a number of studies have investigated the potential impacts of these events, most (not surprisingly) have focused on economic, rather than non-economic outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the non-economic features associated with a high profile mega-event in the United States. Based on Crompton's (2004) psychic income paradigm and a comprehensive review of the extant literature, this article describes the development and validation of a self-report scale designed to measure the psychological impact of Super Bowl XLIII on the residents of Tampa Bay, Florida. The research method followed standard scale development techniques. Initial scale validation (i.e., face and content validity) was assessed through a panel of experts and a field test. Principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted; the results of which revealed that mega-event psychological impact can be examined using 22 items under five factors: (1) community pride as a result of enhanced image, (2) enhanced community attachment, (3) event excitement, (4) community excitement, and (5) pride in efforts to improve community infrastructure.

Suggested Citation

  • Woosoon Kim & Matthew Walker, 2012. "Measuring the social impacts associated with Super Bowl XLIII: Preliminary development of a psychic income scale," Sport Management Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(1), pages 91-108, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:91-108
    DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.007
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    Cited by:

    1. Yousaf, Anish & Mishra, Abhishek & Gupta, Anil, 2021. "‘From technology adoption to consumption’: Effect of pre-adoption expectations from fitness applications on usage satisfaction, continual usage, and health satisfaction," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    2. Marko Perić, 2018. "Estimating the Perceived Socio-Economic Impacts of Hosting Large-Scale Sport Tourism Events," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 7(10), pages 1-18, September.
    3. Davis, Robert & McGinnis, Lee Phillip, 2016. "Conceptualizing excessive fan consumption behavior," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 252-262.
    4. Marijke Taks & Daichi Oshimi & Nola Agha, 2020. "Other- versus Self-Referenced Social Impacts of Events: Validating a New Scale," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-22, December.
    5. Joseph Muiruri Njoroge & Lucy Atieno & Daniele Vieira Do Nascimento, 2017. "Sports tourism and perceived socio-economic impact in Kenya: the case of Machakos county," Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, vol. 23(2), pages 195-217, November.
    6. Oshimi, Daichi & Harada, Munehiko, 2019. "Host residents’ role in sporting events: The city image perspective," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 22(2), pages 263-275.
    7. John E. Grable & Kimberly Watkins, 2016. "Quantifying the Value of Collecting: Implications for Financial Advisers," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 37(4), pages 639-648, December.
    8. Gibson, Heather J. & Walker, Matthew & Thapa, Brijesh & Kaplanidou, Kyriaki & Geldenhuys, Sue & Coetzee, Willie, 2014. "Psychic income and social capital among host nation residents: A pre–post analysis of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 113-122.
    9. Christian Dragin-Jensen, 2016. "Mutual Image Impacts of Events and Host Destinations: What We Know From Prior Research," Working Papers 122/16, University of Southern Denmark, Department of Sociology, Environmental and Business Economics.
    10. Chen-Yueh Chen & Yi-Hsiu Lin, 2021. "Psychic Income and Intention to Attend Games, Intention to Purchase Licensed Merchandise, and Life Satisfaction: 2017 Taipei Universiade," SAGE Open, , vol. 11(2), pages 21582440211, June.
    11. Inoue, Yuhei & Heffernan, Caroline & Yamaguchi, Taku & Filo, Kevin, 2018. "Social and charitable impacts of a charity-affiliated sport event: A mixed methods study," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 21(2), pages 202-218.
    12. Marko Perić & Vanja Vitezić, 2019. "Socio-Economic Impacts of Event Failure: The Case of a Cancelled International Cycling Race," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-15, September.
    13. Daniel Weimar & Markus Schauberger, 2018. "The impact of sporting success on student enrollment," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 88(6), pages 731-764, August.
    14. Kim, Wonyoung & Jun, Ho Mun & Walker, Matthew & Drane, Dan, 2015. "Evaluating the perceived social impacts of hosting large-scale sport tourism events: Scale development and validation," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 21-32.
    15. Hutchinson, Michael & Berg, Brennan K. & Kellison, Timothy B., 2018. "Political activity in escalation of commitment: Sport facility funding and government decision making in the United States," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 21(3), pages 263-278.
    16. Juan Antonio Sánchez-Sáez & Francisco Segado Segado & Ferran Calabuig-Moreno & Ana Mª Gallardo Guerrero, 2020. "Measuring Residents’ Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility at Small- and Medium-Sized Sports Events," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-17, November.
    17. José Miguel Vegara-Ferri & José María López-Gullón & Ricardo José Ibanez-Pérez & María Carboneros & Salvador Angosto, 2020. "Segmenting the Older Resident’s Perception of a Major Cycling Event," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-19, May.
    18. Ana Chersulich Tomino & Marko Perić & Nicholas Wise, 2020. "Assessing and Considering the Wider Impacts of Sport-Tourism Events: A Research Agenda Review of Sustainability and Strategic Planning Elements," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-18, June.
    19. Li Jianglong & Liu Wei & Zhao Hong & Feng Yueyang & Wang Zongshui, 2020. "Research on the Satisfaction Impact Factors of China-Eurasia Expo: From the Perspectives of Local Residents and Exhibitors," Journal of Systems Science and Information, De Gruyter, vol. 8(2), pages 116-129, April.
    20. Balázs Polcsik & Tamás Laczkó & Szilvia Perényi, 2022. "Euro 2020 Held during the COVID-19 Period: Budapest Residents’ Perceptions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-18, September.

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