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La France et l'énergie nucléaire : réflexions sur des choix

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  • François Guillaumat-Tailliet

Abstract

[fre] L'ampleur de la pénétration de l'énergie d'origine nucléaire dans le système d'offre d'énergie français est sans équivalent à l'étranger. Récente et rapide, la percée nucléaire symbolise au premier chef la réponse française aux tensions qui ont animé les marchés internationaux de l'énergie durant la précédente décennie. Le souci des pouvoirs publics de recouvrer une plus grande indépendance énergétique les a conduit à une action volontaire en faveur de la promotion de l'électricité — de source nationale — sur les marchés des utilisateurs. Pour maîtriser les coûts de production et rentabiliser les investissements dans la technologie nucléaire, il a fallu élargir le marché, c'est-à-dire produire et vendre beaucoup d'électricité nucléaire. Ce choix, au-delà des passions qu'il suscite, mérite une analyse fine. Incontestable réussite industrielle, le programme nucléaire subit aujourd'hui les contrecoups de la rapidité qui a présidé à sa réalisation. En dépit de multiples incitations, les besoins n'ont pas suivi les capacités d'offre, et ce pour des raisons structurelles : l'inertie des habitudes de consommation, mais aussi les caractéristiques propres à chaque type d'énergie, plus ou moins efficace selon la technologie employée et la nature du besoin à satisfaire. Si l'engagement dans le nucléaire revêt en France un caractère largement irréversible, il n'implique pas que notre marge de manœuvre soit réduite à néant. Pour éclairer les choix de la politique énergétique, des réponses devront être apportées, fussent-elles hypothétiques, à au moins quatre questions fondamentales. [eng] France and Nuclear Energy François Guillaumat-Tailliet In no other country is the relative importance of nuclear energy in the energy supply system larger than in France. This development, both recent and rapid, represents the French response to the tensions in the international energy markets over the last decade. The authorities' concern to regain a large measure of energy independence has led them to determined action to promote the use of electricity — nationally produced — by consumers. To control production costs, and make investment in nuclear technology profitable, an extension of the market was needed, i.e. it was necessary to produce and sell a lot of nuclear electricity. Beyond the passion to which it gives rise, this choice deserves a full analysis. Although the nuclear programme is an undisputed technical success, it is now seen to be suffering from some consequences of its rapid implementation. Because of some structural factors, demand for electricity did not grow as fast as supply, despite various incentives : inertia of consumers' habits, but also the inherent characteristics of each kind of energy whose efficiency depends upon the technology used and the nature of the needs to be met. The French commitment towards nuclear energy is largely irreversible, but it does not follow that there is no room for manoeuvre. To illuminate the choices of energy policy, at least four fundamental questions have to be answered, even if only hypothetically.

Suggested Citation

  • François Guillaumat-Tailliet, 1987. "La France et l'énergie nucléaire : réflexions sur des choix," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 19(1), pages 189-227.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1987_num_19_1_1096
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1987.1096
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1987.1096
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bernard Real, 1983. "« La politique industrielle nucléaire française : les raisons et les limites d'un succès »," Revue d'Économie Industrielle, Programme National Persée, vol. 23(1), pages 286-292.
    2. Jerry A. Hausman, 1979. "Individual Discount Rates and the Purchase and Utilization of Energy-Using Durables," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 10(1), pages 33-54, Spring.
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