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L'endettement des entreprises industrielles françaises et allemandes : des évolutions distinctes malgré des déterminants proches

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  • Élizabeth Kremp
  • Elmar Stöss

Abstract

[spa] Entre 1987 y 1995, las tasas de endeudamiento de las empresas industriales francesas y alemanas presentan dos diferencias relevantes. En el periodo, esta tasa sufre una fuerte baja en Francia pero sigue bastante estable en Alemania. La tasa de endeudamiento difiere poco segun el tamano de la empresa en Francia, mientras que las diferencias son fuertes entre la de las pequenas empresas alemanas y las mayores que tienen un endeudamiento mucho mas bajo. Mas alla de las diferencias, que pueden explicarse por un contexto institucional distinto, un analisis econométrico de los determinantes microeconomicos dei comportamiento de endeudamiento de las empresas francesas y alemanas pone sin embargo de manifiesto una gran similitud de estos determinantes a corto plazo entre ambos paises. Asi, aquellas empresas en fuerte crecimiento tienenunas. necesidades de financiacion externa importantes, lo cual implica una correlacion positiva entre el nivel de endeudamiento y el crecimiento. En cambio, la correlacion es negativa entre las ganancias y la deuda si. se considera que las empresas, sobre todo aquellas mas pequenas cuyo acceso a los capitales exteriores serra mas diffcil, prefieren autofinanciarse. El coste de financiacion tiene también un impacto negativo sobre la deuda, y, en ambos paises, el efecto es superior para las grandes empresas sensibles al coste de la deuda, ya que tienen mayores posibilidades de financiacion. [eng] From 1987 to 1995, there were two significant differences between French and German industrial firms' debt ratios. The ratio fell sharply in France over the period, whereas it remained relatively stable in Germany. Debt ratios differ little by company size in France, whereas significant differences are found between small German companies and the largest German corporations, which have much lower gearing. . Yet in addition to these differences, which can be explained by different institutional contexts, an econometric analysis of the microeconomic determinants of French and German corporate gearing patterns finds that these determinants are highly similar in the short run in both countries. For example, fast-growing companies have large external financing needs. This implies a positive correlation between the level of debt and growth. However, the correlation is negative between profit and debt when taking into account that companies prefer self-financing, especially the smallest companies, which find it harder to get external capital. The financing cost also has a negative effect on debt. In both countries, this effect is stronger for the large companies, which are more sensitive to the cost of debt since they have more financing possibilities. [ger] Zwischen 1987 und 1995 weisen die Verschuldungsgrade der französischen und der deutschen Industrieunternehmen bedeutende Unterschiede auf. In diesem Zeitraum sinkt der Verschuldungsgrad in Frankreich betrachtlich, wahrend er in Deutschland relativ stabil bleibt. Die Höhe des Verschuldungsgrads hangt in Frankreich nur wenig von der Unternehmensgrösse ab, wahrend in Deutschland zwischen den kleinen und den grossen Unternehmen, die einedeutlich geringere Verschuldung aufweisen, erhebliche Unterschiede bestehen. Ungeachtet dieser Unterschiede, die sich. auf verschiedene institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen zurückführen lassen, zeigt jedoch eine ökonometrische Analyse der mikroökonomischen Determinanten des Verschuldungsverhaltens der französischen und der deutschen Unternehmen, dass zwischen diesen kurzfristigen Determinanten in beiden Landern eine grosse Ahnlichkeit besteht. Die stark wachsenden Unternehmen benötigen demnach betrachtliche externe Finanzmittel, was eine positive Korrelation zwischen der Höhe der Verschuldung und dem Wachstum zur Folge hat. Dagegen ist die Korrelation zwischen Gewinn und Verschuldung negativ, wenn davon ausgegangen wird, dass die Unternehmen einer Eigenfinanzierung den Vorzug geben, insbesondere die kleinsten von ihnen, da für diese der Zugang zu Fremdkapital schwieriger ist. Somit. wirken sich die Finanzierungskosten auf die Verschuldung negativ aus; und in beiden Landern kommt dieser Effekt bei den grossen Unternehmen starker zum Tragen, die vermehrt auf die Verschuldungskosten achten, da sie über mehr Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten verfügen. [fre] Entre 1987 et 1995, les taux d’endettement des entreprises industrielles françaises et allemandes présentent deux différences importantes. Au cours de cette période, ce taux connaît une forte baisse en France alors qu’il est relativement stable en Allemagne. Le taux d’endettement diffère peu selon la taille de l’entreprise en France, tandis que les écarts sont significatifs entre celui des petites entreprises allemandes et les plus grandes qui ont un endettement nettement plus faible. Au-delà de ces différences, qui peuvent s’expliquer par un contexte institutionnel distinct, une analyse économétrique des déterminants microéconomiques du comportement d’endettement des entreprises françaises et allemandes met, cependant, en évidence une grande similitude de ces déterminants à court terme dans les deux pays. Ainsi, les entreprises en forte croissance ont des besoins de financement externe importants, ce qui implique une corrélation positive entre le niveau d’endettement et la croissance. En revanche, la corrélation est négative entre le profit et la dette si l’on considère que les entreprises préfèrent s’autofinancer, notamment pour les plus petites d’entre elles qui accéderaient plus difficilement aux capitaux extérieurs. Le coût de financement a aussi un impact négatif sur la dette, et, dans les deux pays, l’effet est plus fort pour les grandes entreprises qui sont plus sensibles au coût de la dette puisqu’elles ont davantage de possibilités de financement.

Suggested Citation

  • Élizabeth Kremp & Elmar Stöss, 2001. "L'endettement des entreprises industrielles françaises et allemandes : des évolutions distinctes malgré des déterminants proches," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 341(1), pages 153-171.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2001_num_341_1_7474
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2001.7474
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2001.7474
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Stephen A. Ross, 1977. "The Determination of Financial Structure: The Incentive-Signalling Approach," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 8(1), pages 23-40, Spring.
    2. Stiglitz, Joseph E, 1969. "A Re-Examination of the Modigliani-Miller Theorem," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 59(5), pages 784-793, December.
    3. repec:zbw:bofism:1998_010 is not listed on IDEAS
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    4. Khémiri, Wafa & Noubbigh, Hédi, 2018. "Determinants of capital structure: Evidence from sub-Saharan African firms," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 150-159.

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