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The household economic costs associated with depression symptoms: A cross-sectional household study conducted in the North West province of South Africa

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  • Sumaiyah Docrat
  • Susan Cleary
  • Dan Chisholm
  • Crick Lund

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the association between depression symptom severity and household income, consumption, asset-based wealth, debt and use of distress financing strategies, to understand how depression symptom severity and household economic welfare are related. Methods: A household survey was administered to the households of primary health clinic-attenders who were screened for depression symptoms using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire in the chronic care units of four primary health clinics in the North West province of South Africa. Univariate and multivariable regression models were used to assess whether a range of household economic measures were significant predictors of depression symptom severity; and whether depression symptom severity significantly predicted changes to household economic welfare, across a number of different economic measures using both multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses. Results: On univariate analysis, certain characteristics were associated with significantly worse (higher) PHQ-9 scores, namely: households in which the household head was younger, female, and unmarried; households in which the indexed patient was younger, and did not receive an education beyond primary school; increasing household size, receipt of a social grant, households living in housing constructed of metal sheet walls and households making use of a public tap as their primary water source. In addition, univariate analysis demonstrated that higher log-transformed food expenditure, lower log-transformed capacity to pay, the presence of household debt and both reducing the size or frequency of meals and drawing up retail shop accounts in response to financial distress over the past three years were associated with significantly worse (higher) PHQ-9 scores. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that larger household sizes (p

Suggested Citation

  • Sumaiyah Docrat & Susan Cleary & Dan Chisholm & Crick Lund, 2019. "The household economic costs associated with depression symptoms: A cross-sectional household study conducted in the North West province of South Africa," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(11), pages 1-22, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0224799
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224799
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    References listed on IDEAS

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