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Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes

Author

Listed:
  • Feng Gao

    (University of Alabama at Birmingham)

  • Elizabeth Bailes

    (Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre)

  • David L. Robertson

    (Laboratory of Structural and Genetic Information, CNRS)

  • Yalu Chen

    (University of Alabama at Birmingham)

  • Cynthia M. Rodenburg

    (University of Alabama at Birmingham)

  • Scott F. Michael

    (University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Tulane University)

  • Larry B. Cummins

    (Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research)

  • Larry O. Arthur

    (AIDS Vaccine Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, SAIC Frederick)

  • Martine Peeters

    (Laboratoire Retrovirus, ORSTOM)

  • George M. Shaw

    (University of Alabama at Birmingham
    Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham)

  • Paul M. Sharp

    (Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre)

  • Beatrice H. Hahn

    (University of Alabama at Birmingham)

Abstract

The human AIDS viruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) represent cross-species (zoonotic) infections1,2,3,4. Although the primate reservoir of HIV-2 has been clearly identified as the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys)2,4,5,6,7, the origin of HIV-1 remains uncertain. Viruses related to HIV-1 have been isolated from the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)8,9, but only three such SIVcpz infections have been documented1,10,11, one of which involved a virus so divergent11 that it might represent a different primate lentiviral lineage. In a search for the HIV-1 reservoir, we have now sequenced the genome of a new SIVcpz strain (SIVcpzUS) and have determined, by mitochondrial DNA analysis, the subspecies identity of all known SIVcpz-infected chimpanzees. We find that two chimpanzee subspecies in Africa, the central P. t. troglodytes and the eastern P. t. schweinfurthii, harbour SIVcpz and that their respective viruses form two highly divergent (but subspecies-specific) phylogenetic lineages. All HIV-1 strains known to infect man, including HIV-1 groups M, N and O, are closely related to just one of these SIVcpz lineages, that found in P. t. troglodytes. Moreover, we find that HIV-1 group N is a mosaic of SIVcpzUS- and HIV-1-related sequences, indicating an ancestral recombination event in a chimpanzee host. These results, together with the observation that the natural range of P. t. troglodytes coincides uniquely with areas of HIV-1 group M, N and O endemicity, indicate that P. t. troglodytes is the primary reservoir for HIV-1 and has been the source of at least three independent introductions of SIVcpz into the human population.

Suggested Citation

  • Feng Gao & Elizabeth Bailes & David L. Robertson & Yalu Chen & Cynthia M. Rodenburg & Scott F. Michael & Larry B. Cummins & Larry O. Arthur & Martine Peeters & George M. Shaw & Paul M. Sharp & Beatric, 1999. "Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes," Nature, Nature, vol. 397(6718), pages 436-441, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:397:y:1999:i:6718:d:10.1038_17130
    DOI: 10.1038/17130
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    Cited by:

    1. Andrea Berlanda & Matteo Cervellati & Elena Esposito & Dominic Rohner & Uwe Sunde, 2022. "Medication Against Conflict," HiCN Working Papers 367, Households in Conflict Network.
    2. Oster, Emily, 2012. "HIV and sexual behavior change: Why not Africa?," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 35-49.
    3. Yeboah, Ian E.A., 2007. "HIV/AIDS and the construction of Sub-Saharan Africa: Heuristic lessons from the social sciences for policy," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 64(5), pages 1128-1150, March.
    4. Scott Engstrom, Juris Doctor, 2013. "Effectuating Change In The Regulation Of Hiv Vaccines," Journal of Pharmacy & Biological Sciences (COES&RJ-JPBS), , vol. 1(1), pages 1-13, July.
    5. Noa Chapal-Ilani & Yosef E Maruvka & Adam Spiro & Yitzhak Reizel & Rivka Adar & Liran I Shlush & Ehud Shapiro, 2013. "Comparing Algorithms That Reconstruct Cell Lineage Trees Utilizing Information on Microsatellite Mutations," PLOS Computational Biology, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(11), pages 1-17, November.

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