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Accounting for forest condition in Europe based on an international statistical standard

Author

Listed:
  • Joachim Maes

    (European Commission, Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy
    European Commission, Joint Research Centre)

  • Adrián G. Bruzón

    (Rey Juan Carlos University)

  • José I. Barredo

    (European Commission, Joint Research Centre)

  • Sara Vallecillo

    (European Commission, Joint Research Centre)

  • Peter Vogt

    (European Commission, Joint Research Centre)

  • Inés Marí Rivero

    (European Commission, Joint Research Centre)

  • Fernando Santos-Martín

    (Rey Juan Carlos University)

Abstract

Covering 35% of Europe’s land area, forest ecosystems play a crucial role in safeguarding biodiversity and mitigating climate change. Yet, forest degradation continues to undermine key ecosystem services that forests deliver to society. Here we provide a spatially explicit assessment of the condition of forest ecosystems in Europe following a United Nations global statistical standard on ecosystem accounting, adopted in March 2021. We measure forest condition on a scale from 0 to 1, where 0 represents a degraded ecosystem and 1 represents a reference condition based on primary or protected forests. We show that the condition across 44 forest types averaged 0.566 in 2000 and increased to 0.585 in 2018. Forest productivity and connectivity are comparable to levels observed in undisturbed or least disturbed forests. One third of the forest area was subject to declining condition, signalled by a reduction in soil organic carbon, tree cover density and species richness of threatened birds. Our findings suggest that forest ecosystems will need further restoration, improvements in management and an extended period of recovery to approach natural conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Joachim Maes & Adrián G. Bruzón & José I. Barredo & Sara Vallecillo & Peter Vogt & Inés Marí Rivero & Fernando Santos-Martín, 2023. "Accounting for forest condition in Europe based on an international statistical standard," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-15, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:14:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-023-39434-0
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39434-0
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Edens, Bram & Maes, Joachim & Hein, Lars & Obst, Carl & Siikamaki, Juha & Schenau, Sjoerd & Javorsek, Marko & Chow, Julian & Chan, Jessica Ying & Steurer, Anton & Alfieri, Alessandra, 2022. "Establishing the SEEA Ecosystem Accounting as a global standard," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    2. Tomislav Hengl & Jorge Mendes de Jesus & Gerard B M Heuvelink & Maria Ruiperez Gonzalez & Milan Kilibarda & Aleksandar Blagotić & Wei Shangguan & Marvin N Wright & Xiaoyuan Geng & Bernhard Bauer-Marsc, 2017. "SoilGrids250m: Global gridded soil information based on machine learning," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(2), pages 1-40, February.
    3. Cornelius Senf & Rupert Seidl, 2021. "Mapping the forest disturbance regimes of Europe," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 4(1), pages 63-70, January.
    4. Cornelius Senf & Rupert Seidl, 2021. "Author Correction: Mapping the forest disturbance regimes of Europe," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 4(3), pages 286-286, March.
    5. Matias Heino & Matti Kummu & Marika Makkonen & Mark Mulligan & Peter H Verburg & Mika Jalava & Timo A Räsänen, 2015. "Forest Loss in Protected Areas and Intact Forest Landscapes: A Global Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(10), pages 1-21, October.
    6. Salvatore Greco & Alessio Ishizaka & Menelaos Tasiou & Gianpiero Torrisi, 2019. "On the Methodological Framework of Composite Indices: A Review of the Issues of Weighting, Aggregation, and Robustness," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 141(1), pages 61-94, January.
    7. Bagstad, Kenneth J. & Ingram, Jane Carter & Shapiro, Carl D. & La Notte, Alessandra & Maes, Joachim & Vallecillo, Sara & Casey, C. Frank & Glynn, Pierre D. & Heris, Mehdi P. & Johnson, Justin A. & Lau, 2021. "Lessons learned from development of natural capital accounts in the United States and European Union," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
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