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The Pattern and Process of Adoption and Scaling up: Variation in Project Outcome Reveals the Importance of Multilevel Collaboration in Agroforestry Development

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  • Karl-Erik Johansson

    (School for Forest Management, Faculty of Forest Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-739 21Skinnskatteberg, Sweden)

  • Robert Axelsson

    (School for Forest Management, Faculty of Forest Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-739 21Skinnskatteberg, Sweden)

  • Ngolia Kimanzu

    (Social Capital Innovations International, Box 569, SE-10110 Stockholm, Sweden)

  • Samuel O. Sassi

    (Regional Commissioner Office, Mara, Region, P.O. Box 299/855 Musoma, Mara 31000, Tanzania)

  • Eliza Bwana

    (Prime Minister's Office, Local Government Authority, Masasi District, P.O. Box 246 Masasi, Mtwara 63000, Tanzania)

  • Robert Otsyina

    (Development Associates Limited, P.O.Box 60023, Dar es Salaam 11000, Tanzania)

Abstract

Agroforestry is considered a subsistence system that balances the urgent need for food and income of small scale farmers with restoration and conservation of ecosystem services, and climate change adaptation and mitigation. The Vi Agroforestry Program aims to implement agroforestry as a means to alleviate poverty and increase resilience among the poorest smallholders. After seven years, the Vi Agroforestry Project in the Mara Region of Tanzania had an inter-village variation in the proportion of households with tangible surviving agroforestry trees ranging from 10%–90%. Using a multiple methods approach, this variation was analysed in relation to changes and differences among administrative districts and project zones regarding perceived barriers to agroforestry adoption, project interventions, governance and the chronology of the process. In districts and zones where collaboration among the project staff, government counterparts and other stakeholders had been established at multiple levels, more agroforestry trees survived and a larger proportion of households practiced agroforestry. The established collaboration made it possible to discover and consider opportunities and barriers to agroforestry development such as diverse stakeholder interests and perceptions. As a result, potential conflicts could be avoided and socially robust solutions developed, adapted and integrated into the local subsistence systems.

Suggested Citation

  • Karl-Erik Johansson & Robert Axelsson & Ngolia Kimanzu & Samuel O. Sassi & Eliza Bwana & Robert Otsyina, 2013. "The Pattern and Process of Adoption and Scaling up: Variation in Project Outcome Reveals the Importance of Multilevel Collaboration in Agroforestry Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 5(12), pages 1-30, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:5:y:2013:i:12:p:5195-5224:d:31141
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Karl-Erik Johansson & Robert Axelsson & Ngolia Kimanzu, 2013. "Mapping the Relationship of Inter-Village Variation in Agroforestry Tree Survival with Social and Ecological Characteristics: The Case of the Vi Agroforestry Project, Mara Region, Tanzania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 5(12), pages 1-24, December.
    2. Carina Tenngart Ivarsson & Patrik Grahn, 2012. "Differently Designed Parts of a Garden Support Different Types of Recreational Walks: Evaluating a Healing Garden by Participatory Observation," Landscape Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(5), pages 519-537, October.
    3. Kiptot, Evelyne & Hebinck, Paul & Franzel, Steven & Richards, Paul, 2007. "Adopters, testers or pseudo-adopters? Dynamics of the use of improved tree fallows by farmers in western Kenya," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 94(2), pages 509-519, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Agnès Bernis-Fonteneau & Rima Alcadi & Marco Frangella & Devra I. Jarvis, 2023. "Scaling Up Pro-Poor Agrobiodiversity Interventions as a Development Option," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-16, July.
    2. Karl-Erik Johansson & Robert Axelsson & Ngolia Kimanzu, 2013. "Mapping the Relationship of Inter-Village Variation in Agroforestry Tree Survival with Social and Ecological Characteristics: The Case of the Vi Agroforestry Project, Mara Region, Tanzania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 5(12), pages 1-24, December.
    3. van Ewijk, Edith & Ros-Tonen, Mirjam A.F., 2021. "The fruits of knowledge co-creation in agriculture and food-related multi-stakeholder platforms in sub-Saharan Africa – A systematic literature review," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    4. Amare, Dagninet & Darr, Dietrich, 2020. "Agroforestry adoption as a systems concept: A review," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    5. Ota, Liz & Herbohn, John & Gregorio, Nestor & Harrison, Steve, 2020. "Reforestation and smallholder livelihoods in the humid tropics," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).

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