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Evaluation of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn Concentrations in Water, Soil, and Fruit Samples in Sargodha District, Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Zafar Iqbal Khan

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Rehan Haider

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Kafeel Ahmad

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Nadeem

    (Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Asma Ashfaq

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei

    (Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mikhlid H. Almutairi

    (Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Naunain Mehmood

    (Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
    Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy)

  • Aima Iram Batool

    (Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Hafsa Memona

    (Department of Zoology, Queen Mary College, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Ijaz Rasool Noorka

    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Shahzad Akhtar

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Ilker Ugulu

    (Faculty of Education, Usak University, Usak 64000, Turkey)

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in the edible parts of grapefruit and kinnow fruit irrigated with sewage water (SW), tube-well water (TW), and canal water (CW). Preparation of the samples used in the study for metal analysis was carried out via the wet acid digestion method. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used for metal determination. According to the results, Cu concentration ranged from 0.152 to 0.754 mg/L in water, 5.254 to 41.659 mg/kg in soil, and 0.128 to 0.864 mg/kg in fruit samples. Zn concentration varied from 0.574 to 2.723 mg/L in water, 17.812 to 112.954 mg/kg in soil, and 2.658 to 42.642 mg/kg in fruit samples. Fe concentration ranged from 0.254 to 1.245 mg/L in water, 10.635 to 48.638 mg/kg in soil, and 1.062 to 7.584 mg/kg in fruit samples. Mn concentration ranged from 0.154 to 0.638 mg/L in water, 51.283 to 183.865 mg/kg in soil, and 0.136 to 1.464 mg/kg in fruit samples. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) indicated that Cu and Mn exceeded a PLI value of one, and Zn had a PLI > 1 only in sewage water-irrigated sites. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Enrichment Factor (EF), Daily Intake of Metal (DIM), and Health Risk Index (HRI) values for all metals were within permissible limits, indicating no immediate health risks associated with consuming these fruits.

Suggested Citation

  • Zafar Iqbal Khan & Rehan Haider & Kafeel Ahmad & Muhammad Nadeem & Asma Ashfaq & Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei & Mikhlid H. Almutairi & Naunain Mehmood & Aima Iram Batool & Hafsa Memona & Ijaz Rasool Noor, 2023. "Evaluation of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn Concentrations in Water, Soil, and Fruit Samples in Sargodha District, Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:22:p:15696-:d:1275614
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Al-Lahham, O. & El Assi, N. M. & Fayyad, M., 2003. "Impact of treated wastewater irrigation on quality attributes and contamination of tomato fruit," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 61(1), pages 51-62, June.
    2. Eid Brima & Hatem Mohamed, 2021. "Distribution of minerals between orange juice and orange flesh in various cultivars," Czech Journal of Food Sciences, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 39(6), pages 419-425.
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