IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v13y2021i11p6330-d567932.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Stationary Battery Installations in Two Renewable Energy Projects

Author

Listed:
  • Johanna Pucker-Singer

    (Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, LIFE—Institute for Climate, Energy and Society, Waagner-Biro Straße 100, 8020 Graz, Austria)

  • Christian Aichberger

    (Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, LIFE—Institute for Climate, Energy and Society, Waagner-Biro Straße 100, 8020 Graz, Austria)

  • Jernej Zupančič

    (Laboratory of Energy Policy, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Univerza v Ljubljani, Tržaška Cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia)

  • Camilla Neumann

    (Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, LIFE—Institute for Climate, Energy and Society, Waagner-Biro Straße 100, 8020 Graz, Austria)

  • David Neil Bird

    (Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, LIFE—Institute for Climate, Energy and Society, Waagner-Biro Straße 100, 8020 Graz, Austria)

  • Gerfried Jungmeier

    (Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, LIFE—Institute for Climate, Energy and Society, Waagner-Biro Straße 100, 8020 Graz, Austria)

  • Andrej Gubina

    (Laboratory of Energy Policy, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Univerza v Ljubljani, Tržaška Cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia)

  • Andreas Tuerk

    (Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, LIFE—Institute for Climate, Energy and Society, Waagner-Biro Straße 100, 8020 Graz, Austria)

Abstract

The goal to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is spurring interest in renewable energy systems from time-varying sources (e.g., photovoltaics, wind) and these can require batteries to help load balancing. However, the batteries themselves add additional GHG emissions to the electricity system in all its life cycle phases. This article begins by investigating the GHG emissions for the manufacturing of two stationary lithium-ion batteries, comparing production in Europe, US and China. Next, we analyze how the installation and operation of these batteries change the GHG emissions of the electricity supply in two pilot sites. Life cycle assessment is used for GHG emissions calculation. The regional comparison on GHG emissions of battery manufacturing shows that primary aluminum, cathode paste and battery cell production are the principal components of the GHG emissions of battery manufacturing. Regional variations are linked mainly to high grid electricity demand and regional changes in the electricity mixes, resulting in base values of 77 kg CO 2 -eq/kWh to 153 kg CO 2 -eq/kWh battery capacity. The assessment of two pilot sites shows that the implementation of batteries can lead to GHG emission savings of up to 77%, if their operation enables an increase in renewable energy sources in the electricity system.

Suggested Citation

  • Johanna Pucker-Singer & Christian Aichberger & Jernej Zupančič & Camilla Neumann & David Neil Bird & Gerfried Jungmeier & Andrej Gubina & Andreas Tuerk, 2021. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Stationary Battery Installations in Two Renewable Energy Projects," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-19, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:11:p:6330-:d:567932
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/11/6330/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/11/6330/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Frate, Guido Francesco & Ferrari, Lorenzo & Desideri, Umberto, 2021. "Energy storage for grid-scale applications: Technology review and economic feasibility analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 1754-1772.
    2. Christian Aichberger & Gerfried Jungmeier, 2020. "Environmental Life Cycle Impacts of Automotive Batteries Based on a Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-27, December.
    3. Bullich-Massagué, Eduard & Cifuentes-García, Francisco-Javier & Glenny-Crende, Ignacio & Cheah-Mañé, Marc & Aragüés-Peñalba, Mònica & Díaz-González, Francisco & Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol, 2020. "A review of energy storage technologies for large scale photovoltaic power plants," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    4. Jarod C. Kelly & Qiang Dai & Michael Wang, 2020. "Globally regional life cycle analysis of automotive lithium-ion nickel manganese cobalt batteries," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 25(3), pages 371-396, March.
    5. Díaz-González, Francisco & Sumper, Andreas & Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol & Villafáfila-Robles, Roberto, 2012. "A review of energy storage technologies for wind power applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(4), pages 2154-2171.
    6. Vandepaer, Laurent & Cloutier, Julie & Amor, Ben, 2017. "Environmental impacts of Lithium Metal Polymer and Lithium-ion stationary batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 46-60.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Vilppu Eloranta & Aki Grönman & Aleksandra Woszczek, 2021. "Case Study and Feasibility Analysis of Multi-Objective Life Cycle Energy System Optimization in a Nordic Campus Building," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-17, November.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kebede, Abraham Alem & Kalogiannis, Theodoros & Van Mierlo, Joeri & Berecibar, Maitane, 2022. "A comprehensive review of stationary energy storage devices for large scale renewable energy sources grid integration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    2. Christian Aichberger & Gerfried Jungmeier, 2020. "Environmental Life Cycle Impacts of Automotive Batteries Based on a Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-27, December.
    3. Zhao, Chunyang & Andersen, Peter Bach & Træholt, Chresten & Hashemi, Seyedmostafa, 2023. "Grid-connected battery energy storage system: a review on application and integration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    4. Guandalini, Giulio & Campanari, Stefano & Romano, Matteo C., 2015. "Power-to-gas plants and gas turbines for improved wind energy dispatchability: Energy and economic assessment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 117-130.
    5. Enevoldsen, Peter & Sovacool, Benjamin K., 2016. "Integrating power systems for remote island energy supply: Lessons from Mykines, Faroe Islands," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 642-648.
    6. Cabrera-Tobar, Ana & Bullich-Massagué, Eduard & Aragüés-Peñalba, Mònica & Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol, 2016. "Review of advanced grid requirements for the integration of large scale photovoltaic power plants in the transmission system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 971-987.
    7. Rao, A. Gangoli & van den Oudenalder, F.S.C. & Klein, S.A., 2019. "Natural gas displacement by wind curtailment utilization in combined-cycle power plants," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 477-491.
    8. Antonio Rosato & Antonio Ciervo & Giovanni Ciampi & Michelangelo Scorpio & Sergio Sibilio, 2020. "Integration of Micro-Cogeneration Units and Electric Storages into a Micro-Scale Residential Solar District Heating System Operating with a Seasonal Thermal Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-40, October.
    9. Kroniger, Daniel & Madlener, Reinhard, 2014. "Hydrogen storage for wind parks: A real options evaluation for an optimal investment in more flexibility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 931-946.
    10. Souma Chowdhury & Ali Mehmani & Jie Zhang & Achille Messac, 2016. "Market Suitability and Performance Tradeoffs Offered by Commercial Wind Turbines across Differing Wind Regimes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(5), pages 1-31, May.
    11. Saher Javaid & Mineo Kaneko & Yasuo Tan, 2021. "Safe Operation Conditions of Electrical Power System Considering Power Balanceability among Power Generators, Loads, and Storage Devices," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-27, July.
    12. Meng, Hui & Wang, Meihong & Olumayegun, Olumide & Luo, Xiaobo & Liu, Xiaoyan, 2019. "Process design, operation and economic evaluation of compressed air energy storage (CAES) for wind power through modelling and simulation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 923-936.
    13. He, Qing & Li, Guoqing & Lu, Chang & Du, Dongmei & Liu, Wenyi, 2019. "A compressed air energy storage system with variable pressure ratio and its operation control," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 881-894.
    14. He, Wei & Wang, Jihong, 2017. "Feasibility study of energy storage by concentrating/desalinating water: Concentrated Water Energy Storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P1), pages 872-884.
    15. Hasan, Nor Shahida & Hassan, Mohammad Yusri & Abdullah, Hayati & Rahman, Hasimah Abdul & Omar, Wan Zaidi Wan & Rosmin, Norzanah, 2016. "Improving power grid performance using parallel connected Compressed Air Energy Storage and wind turbine system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA), pages 498-508.
    16. Jannesar, Mohammad Rasol & Sedighi, Alireza & Savaghebi, Mehdi & Guerrero, Josep M., 2018. "Optimal placement, sizing, and daily charge/discharge of battery energy storage in low voltage distribution network with high photovoltaic penetration," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 957-966.
    17. Elsisi, Mahmoud & Bazmohammadi, Najmeh & Guerrero, Josep M. & Ebrahim, Mohamed A., 2021. "Energy management of controllable loads in multi-area power systems with wind power penetration based on new supervisor fuzzy nonlinear sliding mode control," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    18. Kwon, Gihoon & Tsang, Daniel C.W. & Oh, Jeong-Ik & Kwon, Eilhann E. & Song, Hocheol, 2019. "Pyrolysis of aquatic carbohydrates using CO2 as reactive gas medium: A case study of chitin," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 136-143.
    19. Weitzel, Timm & Glock, Christoph H., 2018. "Energy management for stationary electric energy storage systems: A systematic literature review," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 264(2), pages 582-606.
    20. Trieste, S. & Hmam, S. & Olivier, J.-C. & Bourguet, S. & Loron, L., 2015. "Techno-economic optimization of a supercapacitor-based energy storage unit chain: Application on the first quick charge plug-in ferry," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 3-14.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:11:p:6330-:d:567932. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.