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Conserving Capital by Adjusting Deltas for Gamma in the Presence of Skewness

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  • Dilip B. Madan

    (Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. 20742, USA)

Abstract

An argument for adjusting Black Scholes implied call deltas downwards for a gamma exposure in a left skewed market is presented. It is shown that when the objective for the hedge is the conservation of capital ignoring the gamma for the delta position is expensive. The gamma adjustment factor in the static case is just a function of the risk neutral distribution. In the dynamic case one may precompute at the date of trade initiation a matrix of delta levels as a function of the underlying for the life of the trade and subsequently one just has to look up the matrix for the hedge. Also constructed are matrices for the capital reserve, the pro¯t, leverage and rate of return remaining in the trade as a function of the spot at a future date in the life of the trade. The concepts of pro¯t, capital, leverage and return are as described in Carr, Madan and Vicente Alvarez (2010). The dynamic computations constitute an application of the theory of nonlinear expectations as described in Cohen and Elliott (2010).

Suggested Citation

  • Dilip B. Madan, 2010. "Conserving Capital by Adjusting Deltas for Gamma in the Presence of Skewness," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 3(1), pages 1-25, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:3:y:2010:i:1:p:1-25:d:28367
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dilip B. Madan & Peter P. Carr & Eric C. Chang, 1998. "The Variance Gamma Process and Option Pricing," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 2(1), pages 79-105.
    2. Cohen, Samuel N. & Elliott, Robert J., 2010. "A general theory of finite state Backward Stochastic Difference Equations," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 120(4), pages 442-466, April.
    3. Carr, Peter & Geman, Helyette & Madan, Dilip B., 2001. "Pricing and hedging in incomplete markets," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(1), pages 131-167, October.
    4. Madan, Dilip B & Seneta, Eugene, 1990. "The Variance Gamma (V.G.) Model for Share Market Returns," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 63(4), pages 511-524, October.
    5. A. Jobert & L. C. G. Rogers, 2008. "Valuations And Dynamic Convex Risk Measures," Mathematical Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(1), pages 1-22, January.
    6. Stefan Jaschke & Uwe Küchler, 2001. "Coherent risk measures and good-deal bounds," Finance and Stochastics, Springer, vol. 5(2), pages 181-200.
    7. Dilip B. Madan & Alexander Cherny, 2010. "Markets As A Counterparty: An Introduction To Conic Finance," International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance (IJTAF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 13(08), pages 1149-1177.
    8. Freddy Delbaen & Shige Peng & Emanuela Rosazza Gianin, 2010. "Representation of the penalty term of dynamic concave utilities," Finance and Stochastics, Springer, vol. 14(3), pages 449-472, September.
    9. Aleksandar Mijatovic & Martijn Pistorius, 2009. "Continuously monitored barrier options under Markov processes," Papers 0908.4028, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2010.
    10. A. Cherny, 2006. "Weighted V@R and its Properties," Finance and Stochastics, Springer, vol. 10(3), pages 367-393, September.
    11. Rosazza Gianin, Emanuela, 2006. "Risk measures via g-expectations," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 19-34, August.
    12. Alexander Cherny & Dilip Madan, 2009. "New Measures for Performance Evaluation," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 22(7), pages 2371-2406, July.
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    Cited by:

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    3. Wang, Xingchun, 2022. "Pricing vulnerable options with stochastic liquidity risk," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    4. Hestia Jacomina Stoffberg & Gary van Vuuren, 2016. "Asset correlations in single factor credit risk models: an empirical investigation," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(17), pages 1602-1617, April.

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