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What Is the Role of Psychological Factors in Long COVID Syndrome? Latent Class Analysis in a Sample of Patients Recovered from COVID-19

Author

Listed:
  • Giuseppe Craparo

    (Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Valentina Lucia La Rosa

    (Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Elena Commodari

    (Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy)

  • Graziella Marino

    (IRCCS—Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy)

  • Michela Vezzoli

    (Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy)

  • Palmira Faraci

    (Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy)

  • Carmelo Mario Vicario

    (Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy)

  • Gabriella Serena Cinà

    (Department of Psychology, U.O.C., Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Trapani, 91100 Trapani, Italy)

  • Morena Colombi

    (#LongCovid Facebook Group, 00118 Rome, Italy)

  • Giuseppe Arcoleo

    (Pneumology Unit, Cervello Hospital, 90146 Palermo, Italy)

  • Maria Severino

    (Associazione Orizzonti Onlus, 90121 Palermo, Italy)

  • Giulia Costanzo

    (Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy)

  • Alessio Gori

    (Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy)

  • Ernesto Mangiapane

    (Associazione Orizzonti Onlus, 90121 Palermo, Italy)

Abstract

Background : This study aimed to identify clusters of long COVID-19 symptoms using latent class analysis and investigate the psychological factors involved in the onset of this syndrome. Method: Five hundred and six subjects recovering from COVID-19 completed a series of standardized questionnaires to evaluate the personality traits, alexithymia, and post-traumatic stress. Results : Five classes were identified: Brain fog (31.82%), No symptoms (20.95%), Sensory disorders (18.77%), Breath impairment (17.59%), and Multiple disorders (10.87%). Women reported post-COVID-19 respiratory symptoms and multiple disorders to a greater extent than men. Hospitalized subjects were more likely to report persistent symptoms after COVID-19 than asymptomatic or home-treated subjects. Antagonism, hyperarousal, and difficulty identifying emotions significantly predicted post COVID-19 symptoms. Conclusions : These findings open new questions for research on long COVID-19 and how states of emotional dysregulation can alter the physiological processes of the body and contribute to the onset of organic pathologies.

Suggested Citation

  • Giuseppe Craparo & Valentina Lucia La Rosa & Elena Commodari & Graziella Marino & Michela Vezzoli & Palmira Faraci & Carmelo Mario Vicario & Gabriella Serena Cinà & Morena Colombi & Giuseppe Arcoleo &, 2022. "What Is the Role of Psychological Factors in Long COVID Syndrome? Latent Class Analysis in a Sample of Patients Recovered from COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-14, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2022:i:1:p:494-:d:1017699
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Linzer, Drew A. & Lewis, Jeffrey B., 2011. "poLCA: An R Package for Polytomous Variable Latent Class Analysis," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 42(i10).
    2. Callard, Felicity & Perego, Elisa, 2021. "How and why patients made Long Covid," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    3. Md. Saiful Islam & Most. Zannatul Ferdous & Ummay Soumayia Islam & Abu Syed Md. Mosaddek & Marc N. Potenza & Shahina Pardhan, 2021. "Treatment, Persistent Symptoms, and Depression in People Infected with COVID-19 in Bangladesh," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-16, February.
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