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The Emerging Threat of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Infection: A Concept Paper on the Vulnerable Factors in Human

Author

Listed:
  • Nurul Athirah Naserrudin

    (Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
    Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
    Sabah State Health Department, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia)

  • Rozita Hod

    (Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

  • Mohammad Saffree Jeffree

    (Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
    Department of Public Health, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia)

  • Kamruddin Ahmed

    (Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
    Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia)

  • Mohd Rohaizat Hassan

    (Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

Abstract

In South-East Asia (SEA), there has been an increase in the trend of detected and reported cases of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in the last few decades. This higher transmission rate within SEA countries is attributed to the distribution of the Macaque , banded leaf monkeys, and Anopheles mosquito in this region. This study aims to propose a concept that highlights the integration of vulnerability factors to P. knowlesi malaria infection. The relevant literature on the vulnerability factors of P. knowlesi was reviewed. Any theories and models that could be integrated to support the factors were also explored throughout this study. Exposure to P. knowlesi malaria was found to be influenced by sociodemographic, socioeconomic, environmental, social context, belief, and human behaviour factors. However, these factors were commonly discussed separately in existing studies. For better disease prevention and control, all these factors should be explored collectively, to facilitate research aimed at generating a deeper understanding of the vulnerability factors to P. knowlesi malaria from various perspectives, including the genetic, sociodemographic, socioeconomic, environmental, sociocultural beliefs, and human behaviour of the population.

Suggested Citation

  • Nurul Athirah Naserrudin & Rozita Hod & Mohammad Saffree Jeffree & Kamruddin Ahmed & Mohd Rohaizat Hassan, 2022. "The Emerging Threat of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Infection: A Concept Paper on the Vulnerable Factors in Human," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-18, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:7:p:4419-:d:788340
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ajzen, Icek, 1991. "The theory of planned behavior," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 179-211, December.
    2. Kincaid, D. Lawrence, 2000. "Social networks, ideation, and contraceptive behavior in Bangladesh: a longitudinal analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 215-231, January.
    3. Nurul Athirah Naserrudin & Rozita Hod & Mohammad Saffree Jeffree & Kamruddin Ahmed & Richard Culleton & Mohd Rohaizat Hassan, 2022. "The Role of Human Behavior in Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Infection: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-17, March.
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