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COVID-19 Medical and Pharmacological Management in the European Countries Compared to Italy: An Overview

Author

Listed:
  • Sergio Pandolfi

    (High School Master of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy)

  • Luigi Valdenassi

    (High School Master of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy)

  • Geir Bjørklund

    (Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), 8610 Mo i Rana, Norway)

  • Salvatore Chirumbolo

    (Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), 8610 Mo i Rana, Norway)

  • Roman Lysiuk

    (Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine)

  • Larysa Lenchyk

    (Department of Standardization Kharkiv, National University of Pharmacy, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine)

  • Monica Daniela Doşa

    (Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University, 900527 Constanța, Romania)

  • Serafino Fazio

    (Department of Internal Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy)

Abstract

(1) Background: Italy accounts for more than 150,000 deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic, leading the top rank in SARS-CoV-2-caused deceases in Europe. A survey on the different ways by which the COVID-19 pandemic emergency was managed in the foreign European countries compared to Italy is the purpose of this paper. (2) Methods: A literature search and various mathematical algorithms to approach a rank scoring scale were used to describe in detail the different approaches used by European countries to manage the COVID-19 pandemic emergency. (3) Results: The study showed that Italy stands at the bottom ranking for COVID-19 management due to its high mortality rate. Possible causes of the observed huge numbers of hospitalization and deaths were (a) the demographic composition of the European country; (b) its decentralized healthcare system organization; (c) the role of correct pharmacology in the early stages before hospitalization. Post-mortem examinations were of paramount importance to elucidate the etiopathogenesis of COVID-19 and to tailor a suitable and proper therapy in the early symptomatic stages of COVID-19, preventing hospitalization. (4) Conclusions: Factors such as the significant impact on elderly people, the public health organization prevalently state-owned and represented mainly by hospitals, and criticism of the home therapy approach toward SARS-CoV-2-infected people, may have concurred in increasing the number of COVID-19 deaths in Italy.

Suggested Citation

  • Sergio Pandolfi & Luigi Valdenassi & Geir Bjørklund & Salvatore Chirumbolo & Roman Lysiuk & Larysa Lenchyk & Monica Daniela Doşa & Serafino Fazio, 2022. "COVID-19 Medical and Pharmacological Management in the European Countries Compared to Italy: An Overview," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-22, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:7:p:4262-:d:785992
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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