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Avoidable Mortality Attributable to Anthropogenic Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) in Australia

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  • Ivan C. Hanigan

    (University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
    Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
    Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia)

  • Richard A. Broome

    (Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
    Health Protection NSW, New South Wales Ministry of Health, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia)

  • Timothy B. Chaston

    (University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia)

  • Martin Cope

    (Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
    CSIRO, Melbourne, VIC 3195, Australia)

  • Martine Dennekamp

    (Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
    Environmental Public Health Unit, Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
    School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia)

  • Jane S. Heyworth

    (Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
    School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6907, Australia)

  • Katharine Heathcote

    (University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
    School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia)

  • Joshua A. Horsley

    (University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia)

  • Bin Jalaludin

    (Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
    Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia)

  • Edward Jegasothy

    (University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia)

  • Fay H. Johnston

    (Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
    Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia)

  • Luke D. Knibbs

    (Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
    School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia)

  • Gavin Pereira

    (Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
    School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
    Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
    Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway)

  • Sotiris Vardoulakis

    (Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
    National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia)

  • Stephen Vander Hoorn

    (Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
    School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6907, Australia)

  • Geoffrey G. Morgan

    (University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
    Centre for Air Pollution Energy and Health Research (CAR), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia)

Abstract

Ambient fine particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) air pollution increases premature mortality globally. Some PM 2.5 is natural, but anthropogenic PM 2.5 is comparatively avoidable. We determined the impact of long-term exposures to the anthropogenic PM component on mortality in Australia. PM 2.5 -attributable deaths were calculated for all Australian Statistical Area 2 (SA2; n = 2310) regions. All-cause death rates from Australian mortality and population databases were combined with annual anthropogenic PM 2.5 exposures for the years 2006–2016. Relative risk estimates were derived from the literature. Population-weighted average PM 2.5 concentrations were estimated in each SA2 using a satellite and land use regression model for Australia. PM 2.5 -attributable mortality was calculated using a health-impact assessment methodology with life tables and all-cause death rates. The changes in life expectancy (LE) from birth, years of life lost (YLL), and economic cost of lost life years were calculated using the 2019 value of a statistical life. Nationally, long-term population-weighted average total and anthropogenic PM 2.5 concentrations were 6.5 µg/m 3 (min 1.2–max 14.2) and 3.2 µg/m 3 (min 0–max 9.5), respectively. Annually, anthropogenic PM 2.5 -pollution is associated with 2616 (95% confidence intervals 1712, 3455) deaths, corresponding to a 0.2-year (95% CI 0.14, 0.28) reduction in LE for children aged 0–4 years, 38,962 (95%CI 25,391, 51,669) YLL and an average annual economic burden of $6.2 billion (95%CI $4.0 billion, $8.1 billion). We conclude that the anthropogenic PM 2.5 -related costs of mortality in Australia are higher than community standards should allow, and reductions in emissions are recommended to achieve avoidable mortality.

Suggested Citation

  • Ivan C. Hanigan & Richard A. Broome & Timothy B. Chaston & Martin Cope & Martine Dennekamp & Jane S. Heyworth & Katharine Heathcote & Joshua A. Horsley & Bin Jalaludin & Edward Jegasothy & Fay H. John, 2020. "Avoidable Mortality Attributable to Anthropogenic Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) in Australia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-9, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2020:i:1:p:254-:d:473015
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Robinson, Lisa A. & Hammitt, James K. & O’Keeffe, Lucy, 2019. "Valuing Mortality Risk Reductions in Global Benefit-Cost Analysis," Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 10(S1), pages 15-50, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Nilakshi T. Waidyatillake & Patricia T. Campbell & Don Vicendese & Shyamali C. Dharmage & Ariadna Curto & Mark Stevenson, 2021. "Particulate Matter and Premature Mortality: A Bayesian Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-21, July.

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