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Associations between Urban Sprawl and Life Expectancy in the United States

Author

Listed:
  • Shima Hamidi

    (College of Architecture, Planning and Public Affairs, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA)

  • Reid Ewing

    (Department of City and Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA)

  • Zaria Tatalovich

    (Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)

  • James B. Grace

    (Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Lafayette, LA 70506, USA)

  • David Berrigan

    (Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA)

Abstract

In recent years, the United States has had a relatively poor performance with respect to life expectancy compared to the other developed nations. Urban sprawl is one of the potential causes of the high rate of mortality in the United States. This study investigated cross-sectional associations between sprawl and life expectancy for metropolitan counties in the United States in 2010. In this study, the measure of life expectancy in 2010 came from a recently released dataset of life expectancies by county. This study modeled average life expectancy with a structural equation model that included five mediators: annual vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per household, average body mass index, crime rate, and air quality index as mediators of sprawl, as well as percentage of smokers as a mediator of socioeconomic status. After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, this study found that life expectancy was significantly higher in compact counties than in sprawling counties. Compactness affects mortality directly, but the causal mechanism is unclear. For example, it may be that sprawling areas have higher traffic speeds and longer emergency response times, lower quality and less accessible health care facilities, or less availability of healthy foods. Compactness affects mortality indirectly through vehicle miles traveled, which is a contributor to traffic fatalities, and through body mass index, which is a contributor to many chronic diseases. This study identified significant direct and indirect associations between urban sprawl and life expectancy. These findings support further research and practice aimed at identifying and implementing changes to urban planning designed to support health and healthy behaviors.

Suggested Citation

  • Shima Hamidi & Reid Ewing & Zaria Tatalovich & James B. Grace & David Berrigan, 2018. "Associations between Urban Sprawl and Life Expectancy in the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-11, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:5:p:861-:d:143307
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Vincenzo Restivo & Achille Cernigliaro & Alessandra Casuccio, 2019. "Urban Sprawl and Health Outcome Associations in Sicily," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-9, April.
    2. Yan Yan & Hui Liu & Canfei He, 2021. "How Does Urban Sprawl Affect Public Health? Evidence from Panel Survey Data in Urbanizing China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-14, September.
    3. Jessica Yu & Paul Gustafson & Martino Tran & Michael Brauer, 2022. "Assessing Trade-Offs and Optimal Ranges of Density for Life Expectancy and 12 Causes of Mortality in Metro Vancouver, Canada, 1990–2016," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-17, March.

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