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Internet Risks: An Overview of Victimization in Cyberbullying, Cyber Dating Abuse, Sexting, Online Grooming and Problematic Internet Use

Author

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  • Juan M. Machimbarrena

    (Faculty of Education, International University of la Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain)

  • Esther Calvete

    (Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto. Unibertsitate Etorb., 24, 48007 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain)

  • Liria Fernández-González

    (Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto. Unibertsitate Etorb., 24, 48007 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain)

  • Aitor Álvarez-Bardón

    (Faculty of Education, International University of la Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain)

  • Lourdes Álvarez-Fernández

    (Faculty of Education, International University of la Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain)

  • Joaquín González-Cabrera

    (Faculty of Education, International University of la Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain)

Abstract

The advance of digital media has created risks that affect the bio-psycho-social well-being of adolescents. Some of these risks are cyberbullying, cyber dating abuse, sexting, online grooming and problematic Internet use. These risks have been studied individually or through associations of some of them but they have not been explored conjointly. The main objective is to determine the comorbidity between the described Internet risks and to identify the profiles of victimized adolescents. An analytical and cross-sectional study with 3212 participants (46.3% males) from 22 Spanish schools was carried out. Mean age was 13.92 ± 1.44 years (range 11–21). Assessment tools with adequate standards of reliability and validity were used. The main results indicate that the most prevalent single risk is cyberbullying victimization (30.27%). The most prevalent two-risk associations are cyberbullying-online grooming (12.61%) and cyberbullying-sexting (5.79%). The three-risk combination of cyberbullying-sexting-grooming (7.12%) is highlighted, while 5.49% of the adolescents present all the risks. In addition, four profiles are distinguished, with the profile Sexualized risk behaviour standing out, with high scores in grooming and sexting and low scores in the rest of the risks. Determining the comorbidity of risks is useful for clinical and educational interventions, as it can provide information about additional risks.

Suggested Citation

  • Juan M. Machimbarrena & Esther Calvete & Liria Fernández-González & Aitor Álvarez-Bardón & Lourdes Álvarez-Fernández & Joaquín González-Cabrera, 2018. "Internet Risks: An Overview of Victimization in Cyberbullying, Cyber Dating Abuse, Sexting, Online Grooming and Problematic Internet Use," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-15, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:11:p:2471-:d:180726
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    1. Lee Cronbach, 1951. "Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 16(3), pages 297-334, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. María-Jesús Cava & Inés Tomás & Sofía Buelga & Laura Carrascosa, 2020. "Loneliness, Depressive Mood and Cyberbullying Victimization in Adolescent Victims of Cyber Dating Violence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-17, June.
    2. María Muñiz-Rivas & María Vera & Amapola Povedano-Díaz, 2019. "Parental Style, Dating Violence and Gender," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-16, July.
    3. Yolanda Rodríguez-Castro & Rosana Martínez-Román & Patricia Alonso-Ruido & Alba Adá-Lameiras & María Victoria Carrera-Fernández, 2021. "Intimate Partner Cyberstalking, Sexism, Pornography, and Sexting in Adolescents: New Challenges for Sex Education," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-14, February.
    4. Jéssica Ortega-Barón & Joaquín González-Cabrera & Juan M. Machimbarrena & Irene Montiel, 2021. "Safety.Net: A Pilot Study on a Multi-Risk Internet Prevention Program," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-14, April.
    5. Khifza Bibi & Ambreen Fatima & Rizwana Amin & David L. Rowland, 2022. "Understanding Serial Mediators of Problematic Pornography Use in Pakistani Men and Women," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-17, November.
    6. Melina A. Throuvala & Mark D. Griffiths & Mike Rennoldson & Daria J. Kuss, 2021. "Perceived Challenges and Online Harms from Social Media Use on a Severity Continuum: A Qualitative Psychological Stakeholder Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-26, March.
    7. Xue Yang & Xuewen Jiang & Phoenix Kit-han Mo & Yong Cai & Le Ma & Joseph Tak-fai Lau, 2020. "Prevalence and Interpersonal Correlates of Internet Gaming Disorders among Chinese Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-12, January.
    8. Ko Ling Chan, 2019. "Child Victimization in the Context of Family Violence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-5, September.
    9. Annalisa Guarini & Damiano Menin & Laura Menabò & Antonella Brighi, 2019. "RPC Teacher-Based Program for Improving Coping Strategies to Deal with Cyberbullying," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-14, March.
    10. Ruthaychonnee Sittichai & Peter K. Smith, 2020. "Information Technology Use and Cyberbullying Behavior in South Thailand: A Test of the Goldilocks Hypothesis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-15, September.
    11. Muhammad Budiana & Windy Dermawan & Yusa Djuyandi, 2020. "The contribution of Organization of Islamic Cooperation in Southern Thailand conflict," RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA', FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 0(2 suppl.), pages 81-95.
    12. Antonio Tintori & Giulia Ciancimino & Ilaria Bombelli & Daniele De Rocchi & Loredana Cerbara, 2023. "Children’s Online Safety: Predictive Factors of Cyberbullying and Online Grooming Involvement," Societies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-18, February.
    13. Juan M. Machimbarrena & Joaquín González-Cabrera & Jéssica Ortega-Barón & Marta Beranuy-Fargues & Aitor Álvarez-Bardón & Blanca Tejero, 2019. "Profiles of Problematic Internet Use and Its Impact on Adolescents’ Health-Related Quality of Life," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-17, October.
    14. Olga Gómez-Ortiz & Eva M. Romera & Rosario Ortega-Ruiz & Rosario Del Rey, 2018. "Parenting Practices as Risk or Preventive Factors for Adolescent Involvement in Cyberbullying: Contribution of Children and Parent Gender," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-23, November.
    15. Melina A. Throuvala & Mark D. Griffiths & Mike Rennoldson & Daria J. Kuss, 2021. "Policy Recommendations for Preventing Problematic Internet Use in Schools: A Qualitative Study of Parental Perspectives," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-23, April.
    16. Josefina Lozano-Martínez & Irina Sherezade Castillo-Reche & Francisco José Morales-Yago & Francisco Javier Ibáñez-López, 2022. "Control Violence Begins in Adolescent Dating: A Research from Students’ Perception," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-14, July.
    17. Jessica Ortega-Barón & Sofía Buelga & Ester Ayllón & Belén Martínez-Ferrer & María-Jesús Cava, 2019. "Effects of Intervention Program Prev@cib on Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-13, February.
    18. María-Jesús Cava & Sofía Buelga & Laura Carrascosa & Jessica Ortega-Barón, 2020. "Relations among Romantic Myths, Offline Dating Violence Victimization and Cyber Dating Violence Victimization in Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-15, February.
    19. Beatriz Villarejo-Carballido & Cristina M. Pulido & Lena de Botton & Olga Serradell, 2019. "Dialogic Model of Prevention and Resolution of Conflicts: Evidence of the Success of Cyberbullying Prevention in a Primary School in Catalonia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-11, March.
    20. Sebastian Wachs & Michelle F. Wright & Manuel Gámez-Guadix & Nicola Döring, 2021. "How Are Consensual, Non-Consensual, and Pressured Sexting Linked to Depression and Self-Harm? The Moderating Effects of Demographic Variables," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-16, March.

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