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Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant and Virulent Salmonella spp. in Treated Effluent and Receiving Aquatic Milieu of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Durban, South Africa

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  • Ejovwokoghene C. Odjadjare

    (Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa)

  • Ademola O. Olaniran

    (Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa)

Abstract

In this study, we evaluated the impact of treated wastewater effluent from two wastewater treatment plants on the physicochemical parameters and Salmonella spp. load of receiving rivers. Presumptive Salmonella spp. were obtained at all sampled points including the discharge points, with counts ranging from 0 to 4.14 log cfu/mL at both plants. Turbidity, chemical and biological oxygen demand were found to be high and mostly above the required limit for treated wastewater discharge. However, recorded nitrate and phosphate values were very low. Of the 200 confirmed Salmonella spp. isolates recovered from the treated effluent and receiving surface waters, 93% harbored the spi C gene, 84% harbored the misL gene, and 87.5% harbored the orf L gene while 87% harbored the pip D gene. The antibiotic resistance profile revealed that the isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid and streptomycin, but susceptible to quinolones and third generation β-lactams. These results indicate that in South Africa treated effluents are still a major source of contamination of rivers with pathogens such as Salmonella . Appropriate steps by the regulatory authorities and workers at the treatment plants are needed to enforce stipulated guidelines in order to prevent pollution of surface water resources due to the discharge of poorly treated effluents.

Suggested Citation

  • Ejovwokoghene C. Odjadjare & Ademola O. Olaniran, 2015. "Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant and Virulent Salmonella spp. in Treated Effluent and Receiving Aquatic Milieu of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Durban, South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-22, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:12:y:2015:i:8:p:9692-9713:d:54330
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Agrafioti, Evita & Diamadopoulos, Evan, 2012. "A strategic plan for reuse of treated municipal wastewater for crop irrigation on the Island of Crete," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 57-64.
    2. Emmanuel E. Odjadjare & Etinosa O. Igbinosa & Raphael Mordi & Bright Igere & Clara L. Igeleke & Anthony I. Okoh, 2012. "Prevalence of Multiple Antibiotics Resistant (MAR) Pseudomonas Species in the Final Effluents of Three Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities in South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-16, June.
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