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Angels and venture capitalists: Substitutes or complements?

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  • Hellmann, Thomas
  • Schure, Paul
  • Vo, Dan H.

Abstract

We analyze the funding of start-up companies across financing rounds, focusing on the dynamic interactions between angel investors and venture capitalists. Using unique data from British Columbia, Canada, we show that angels and venture capitalists are dynamic substitutes. This substitutes pattern applies across the performance range of companies. It is less pronounced for serial angels. An instrumental variable analysis, based on available investor tax credits, suggests that the substitutes pattern is driven by company characteristics. Overall, the evidence points to the existence of parallel streams of angel and venture capital funding, with fewer transitions between streams than is traditionally assumed.

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  • Hellmann, Thomas & Schure, Paul & Vo, Dan H., 2021. "Angels and venture capitalists: Substitutes or complements?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(2), pages 454-478.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jfinec:v:141:y:2021:i:2:p:454-478
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2021.04.001
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    2. Kraemer-Eis, Helmut & Botsari, Antonia & Gvetadze, Salome & Lang, Frank & Torfs, Wouter, 2019. "European Small Business Finance Outlook: December 2019," EIF Working Paper Series 2019/61, European Investment Fund (EIF).
    3. Kraemer-Eis, Helmut & Botsari, Antonia & Gvetadze, Salome & Lang, Frank & Torfs, Wouter, 2021. "European Small Business Finance Outlook 2021," EIF Working Paper Series 2021/75, European Investment Fund (EIF).
    4. Kraemer-Eis, Helmut & Botsari, Antonia & Gvetadze, Salome & Lang, Frank & Torfs, Wouter, 2019. "European Small Business Finance Outlook: June 2019," EIF Working Paper Series 2019/57, European Investment Fund (EIF).
    5. Matthew R. Denes & Sabrina T. Howell & Filippo Mezzanotti & Xinxin Wang & Ting Xu, 2020. "Investor Tax Credits and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from U.S. States," NBER Working Papers 27751, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    6. Da Rin, Marco, 2016. "Financing Growth through Venture Capital in Asia and the Pacific," Other publications TiSEM 9fb91a28-6b54-41ce-a01d-9, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    7. Rüdiger Fahlenbrach & Marc Frattaroli, 2021. "ICO investors," Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, Springer;Swiss Society for Financial Market Research, vol. 35(1), pages 1-59, March.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Angel investors; Venture capitalists; Entrepreneurial finance; Investor dynamics; Start-up ecosystem;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G24 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • L26 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Entrepreneurship
    • M13 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Administration - - - New Firms; Startups

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