IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/insuma/v58y2014icp34-45.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Factor risk quantification in annuity models

Author

Listed:
  • Karabey, Uǧur
  • Kleinow, Torsten
  • Cairns, Andrew J.G.

Abstract

Calculation of risk contributions of sub-portfolios to total portfolio risk is essential for risk management in insurance companies. Thanks to risk capital allocation methods and linearity of the loss model, sub-portfolio (or position) contributions can be calculated efficiently. However, factor risk contribution theory in non-linear loss models has received little interest. Our concern is the determination of factor risk contributions to total portfolio risk where portfolio risk is a non-linear function of factor risks. We employ different approximations in order to convert the non-linear loss model into a linear one. We illustrate the theory on an annuity portfolio where the main factor risks are interest-rate risk and mortality risk.

Suggested Citation

  • Karabey, Uǧur & Kleinow, Torsten & Cairns, Andrew J.G., 2014. "Factor risk quantification in annuity models," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 34-45.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:insuma:v:58:y:2014:i:c:p:34-45
    DOI: 10.1016/j.insmatheco.2014.06.004
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167668714000663
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2014.06.004?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Andrew Cairns & David Blake & Kevin Dowd & Guy Coughlan & David Epstein & Alen Ong & Igor Balevich, 2009. "A Quantitative Comparison of Stochastic Mortality Models Using Data From England and Wales and the United States," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(1), pages 1-35.
    2. John C. Cox & Jonathan E. Ingersoll Jr. & Stephen A. Ross, 2005. "A Theory Of The Term Structure Of Interest Rates," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Sudipto Bhattacharya & George M Constantinides (ed.), Theory Of Valuation, chapter 5, pages 129-164, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    3. Dirk Tasche, 2009. "Capital allocation for credit portfolios with kernel estimators," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 9(5), pages 581-595.
    4. Edward Frees, 1998. "Relative Importance of Risk Sources in Insurance Systems," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 2(2), pages 34-49.
    5. Michael Kalkbrener, 2005. "An Axiomatic Approach To Capital Allocation," Mathematical Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(3), pages 425-437, July.
    6. Robert C. Merton & André Perold, 1993. "Theory Of Risk Capital In Financial Firms," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 6(3), pages 16-32, September.
    7. Andrew J. G. Cairns & David Blake & Kevin Dowd, 2006. "A Two‐Factor Model for Stochastic Mortality with Parameter Uncertainty: Theory and Calibration," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 73(4), pages 687-718, December.
    8. Alexander S. Cherny & Dilip B. Madan, 2006. "Coherent measurement of factor risks," Papers math/0605062, arXiv.org.
    9. Fischer, T., 2003. "Risk capital allocation by coherent risk measures based on one-sided moments," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 135-146, February.
    10. Jan Dhaene & Andreas Tsanakas & Emiliano A. Valdez & Steven Vanduffel, 2012. "Optimal Capital Allocation Principles," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 79(1), pages 1-28, March.
    11. Froot, Kenneth A. & Stein, Jeremy C., 1998. "Risk management, capital budgeting, and capital structure policy for financial institutions: an integrated approach," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 55-82, January.
    12. Rosen, Dan & Saunders, David, 2010. "Risk factor contributions in portfolio credit risk models," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(2), pages 336-349, February.
    13. J. David Cummins, 2000. "Allocation of Capital in the Insurance Industry," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 3(1), pages 7-27, March.
    14. Maria Bruno & Emanuela Camerini & Alvaro Tomassetti, 2000. "Financial and Demographic Risks of a Portfolio of Life Insurance Policies with Stochastic Interest Rates," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 4(4), pages 44-55.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Katja Schilling & Daniel Bauer & Marcus C. Christiansen & Alexander Kling, 2020. "Decomposing Dynamic Risks into Risk Components," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 66(12), pages 5738-5756, December.
    2. Rabitti, Giovanni & Borgonovo, Emanuele, 2020. "Is mortality or interest rate the most important risk in annuity models? A comparison of sensitivity analysis methods," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 48-58.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Stephen J. Mildenhall, 2017. "Actuarial Geometry," Risks, MDPI, vol. 5(2), pages 1-44, June.
    2. Björn Häckel, 2010. "Risikoadjustierte Wertbeiträge zur ex ante Entscheidungsunterstützung: Ein axiomatischer Ansatz," Metrika: International Journal for Theoretical and Applied Statistics, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 81-108, June.
    3. Kang, Woo-Young & Poshakwale, Sunil, 2019. "A new approach to optimal capital allocation for RORAC maximization in banks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 153-165.
    4. Laurent, Jean-Paul & Sestier, Michael & Thomas, Stéphane, 2016. "Trading book and credit risk: How fundamental is the Basel review?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 211-223.
    5. Dóra Balog, 2017. "Capital Allocation in the Insurance Sector," Financial and Economic Review, Magyar Nemzeti Bank (Central Bank of Hungary), vol. 16(3), pages 74-97.
    6. Albrecht, Peter, 2003. "Risk based capital allocation," Papers 03-02, Sonderforschungsbreich 504.
    7. George Zanjani, 2010. "An Economic Approach to Capital Allocation," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 77(3), pages 523-549, September.
    8. Anastasia Novokreshchenova, 2016. "Predicting Human Mortality: Quantitative Evaluation of Four Stochastic Models," Risks, MDPI, vol. 4(4), pages 1-28, December.
    9. D’Amato, Valeria & Di Lorenzo, Emilia & Haberman, Steven & Sagoo, Pretty & Sibillo, Marilena, 2018. "De-risking strategy: Longevity spread buy-in," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 124-136.
    10. Wang, Chou-Wen & Huang, Hong-Chih & Hong, De-Chuan, 2013. "A feasible natural hedging strategy for insurance companies," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(3), pages 532-541.
    11. Grechuk, Bogdan, 2023. "Extended gradient of convex function and capital allocation," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 305(1), pages 429-437.
    12. van Gulick, Gerwald & De Waegenaere, Anja & Norde, Henk, 2012. "Excess based allocation of risk capital," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 26-42.
    13. Buch, A. & Dorfleitner, G., 2008. "Coherent risk measures, coherent capital allocations and the gradient allocation principle," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 235-242, February.
    14. Hirbod Assa & Manuel Morales & Hassan Omidi Firouzi, 2016. "On the Capital Allocation Problem for a New Coherent Risk Measure in Collective Risk Theory," Risks, MDPI, vol. 4(3), pages 1-20, August.
    15. Kim, Joseph H.T. & Hardy, Mary R., 2009. "A capital allocation based on a solvency exchange option," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(3), pages 357-366, June.
    16. Kamil J. Mizgier & Joseph M. Pasia, 2016. "Multiobjective optimization of credit capital allocation in financial institutions," Central European Journal of Operations Research, Springer;Slovak Society for Operations Research;Hungarian Operational Research Society;Czech Society for Operations Research;Österr. Gesellschaft für Operations Research (ÖGOR);Slovenian Society Informatika - Section for Operational Research;Croatian Operational Research Society, vol. 24(4), pages 801-817, December.
    17. Baule, Rainer, 2014. "Allocation of risk capital on an internal market," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 234(1), pages 186-196.
    18. Buch, Arne & Dorfleitner, Gregor & Wimmer, Maximilian, 2011. "Risk capital allocation for RORAC optimization," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(11), pages 3001-3009, November.
    19. Regele, Fabian & Gründl, Helmut, 2021. "Asset concentration risk and insurance solvency regulation," ICIR Working Paper Series 40/21, Goethe University Frankfurt, International Center for Insurance Regulation (ICIR).
    20. Gómez, Fabio & Tang, Qihe & Tong, Zhiwei, 2022. "The gradient allocation principle based on the higher moment risk measure," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Risk capital allocation; Risk measures; Risk contribution; Life insurance; Hoeffding decomposition; Taylor expansion;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G22 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies
    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:insuma:v:58:y:2014:i:c:p:34-45. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/505554 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.