IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v256y2019ics0306261919316137.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimal renewable generation and battery storage sizing and siting considering local transformer limits

Author

Listed:
  • Novoa, Laura
  • Flores, Robert
  • Brouwer, Jack

Abstract

In response to climate change and sustainability challenges, various incentive programs have increased solar photovoltaic (PV) generation interconnection in the low voltage electrical distribution system. However, electric utility support of PV generation is limited by reverse power flow into the electricity network at high penetration levels. This limits the ability to achieve Zero Net Energy (ZNE) behind individual meters and in whole communities. In parallel, district level energy systems, and Advanced Energy Communities (AEC) that include storage, offer a great prospect for integrating high levels of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) into the built environment. Optimally designing such systems to serve communities, commercial, and industrial loads, while maximizing the penetration of solar PV, has been a challenge to Distribution System Operators (DSO) and city planners. This paper proposes a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) optimization to decide the best DER portfolio, allocation, and dispatch, for an AEC that achieves ZNE and islanding while respecting electrical grid operational constraints, with a focus on distribution transformer overloads. The main strategies to avoid transformer overloads were found to be judicious sizing and siting of battery energy storage and also optimally re-distributing PV throughout the community, which increased the ability of the electric infrastructure to support a PV deployment that is 1.7 times larger than the existing transformer capacity without the need for infrastructure upgrades. This work highlights the importance of including local infrastructure capacities, such as distribution transformer constraints when developing projects that result in high renewable penetration throughout the distribution network.

Suggested Citation

  • Novoa, Laura & Flores, Robert & Brouwer, Jack, 2019. "Optimal renewable generation and battery storage sizing and siting considering local transformer limits," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:256:y:2019:i:c:s0306261919316137
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113926
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261919316137
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113926?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Falke, Tobias & Krengel, Stefan & Meinerzhagen, Ann-Kathrin & Schnettler, Armin, 2016. "Multi-objective optimization and simulation model for the design of distributed energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 1508-1516.
    2. Rezaee Jordehi, Ahmad, 2016. "Allocation of distributed generation units in electric power systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 893-905.
    3. Stadler, M. & Groissböck, M. & Cardoso, G. & Marnay, C., 2014. "Optimizing Distributed Energy Resources and building retrofits with the strategic DER-CAModel," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 557-567.
    4. Yang, Yun & Zhang, Shijie & Xiao, Yunhan, 2015. "An MILP (mixed integer linear programming) model for optimal design of district-scale distributed energy resource systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(P2), pages 1901-1915.
    5. Prakash, Prem & Khatod, Dheeraj K., 2016. "Optimal sizing and siting techniques for distributed generation in distribution systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 111-130.
    6. Alturki, Mansoor & Khodaei, Amin & Paaso, Aleksi & Bahramirad, Shay, 2018. "Optimization-based distribution grid hosting capacity calculations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C), pages 350-360.
    7. Morvaj, Boran & Evins, Ralph & Carmeliet, Jan, 2016. "Optimization framework for distributed energy systems with integrated electrical grid constraints," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 296-313.
    8. Grover-Silva, Etta & Heleno, Miguel & Mashayekh, Salman & Cardoso, Gonçalo & Girard, Robin & Kariniotakis, George, 2018. "A stochastic optimal power flow for scheduling flexible resources in microgrids operation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 201-208.
    9. Ehsan, Ali & Yang, Qiang, 2019. "Scenario-based investment planning of isolated multi-energy microgrids considering electricity, heating and cooling demand," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 1277-1288.
    10. Ren, Hongbo & Gao, Weijun, 2010. "A MILP model for integrated plan and evaluation of distributed energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(3), pages 1001-1014, March.
    11. Li, Bei & Roche, Robin & Paire, Damien & Miraoui, Abdellatif, 2017. "Sizing of a stand-alone microgrid considering electric power, cooling/heating, hydrogen loads and hydrogen storage degradation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 1244-1259.
    12. Ren, Hongbo & Zhou, Weisheng & Nakagami, Ken'ichi & Gao, Weijun & Wu, Qiong, 2010. "Multi-objective optimization for the operation of distributed energy systems considering economic and environmental aspects," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(12), pages 3642-3651, December.
    13. Qiu, Jing & Zhao, Junhua & Yang, Hongming & Wang, Dongxiao & Dong, Zhao Yang, 2018. "Planning of solar photovoltaics, battery energy storage system and gas micro turbine for coupled micro energy grids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C), pages 361-369.
    14. Grover-Silva, Etta & Girard, Robin & Kariniotakis, George, 2018. "Optimal sizing and placement of distribution grid connected battery systems through an SOCP optimal power flow algorithm," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C), pages 385-393.
    15. Yang, Yun & Zhang, Shijie & Xiao, Yunhan, 2015. "Optimal design of distributed energy resource systems coupled with energy distribution networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 433-448.
    16. Ismael, Sherif M. & Abdel Aleem, Shady H.E. & Abdelaziz, Almoataz Y. & Zobaa, Ahmed F., 2019. "State-of-the-art of hosting capacity in modern power systems with distributed generation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 1002-1020.
    17. Flores, Robert J. & Brouwer, Jacob, 2018. "Optimal design of a distributed energy resource system that economically reduces carbon emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C), pages 119-138.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Xin-gang, Zhao & Ze-qi, Zhang & Yi-min, Xie & Jin, Meng, 2020. "Economic-environmental dispatch of microgrid based on improved quantum particle swarm optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    2. Gjorgievski, Vladimir Z. & Cundeva, Snezana & Georghiou, George E., 2021. "Social arrangements, technical designs and impacts of energy communities: A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 1138-1156.
    3. Jiang, Xin & Jin, Yang & Zheng, Xueyuan & Hu, Guobao & Zeng, Qingshan, 2020. "Optimal configuration of grid-side battery energy storage system under power marketization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    4. Luigi Scarcello & Andrea Giordano & Carlo Mastroianni, 2022. "Edge Computing Parallel Approach for Efficient Energy Sharing in a Prosumer Community," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-24, June.
    5. Gupta, Rahul & Sossan, Fabrizio, 2023. "Optimal sizing and siting of energy storage systems considering curtailable photovoltaic generation in power distribution networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
    6. Jing Kang & Bin Hao & Yutong Li & Hui Lin & Zhifeng Xue, 2022. "The Application and Development of LVDC Buildings in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-14, September.
    7. Nima Narjabadifam & Javanshir Fouladvand & Mustafa Gül, 2023. "Critical Review on Community-Shared Solar—Advantages, Challenges, and Future Directions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-25, April.
    8. Tao Xu & He Meng & Jie Zhu & Wei Wei & He Zhao & Han Yang & Zijin Li & Yuhan Wu, 2021. "Optimal Capacity Allocation of Energy Storage in Distribution Networks Considering Active/Reactive Coordination," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-24, March.
    9. Singh, Kamini & Singh, Anoop, 2022. "Behavioural modelling for personal and societal benefits of V2G/V2H integration on EV adoption," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 319(C).
    10. Issah Babatunde Majeed & Nnamdi I. Nwulu, 2022. "Impact of Reverse Power Flow on Distributed Transformers in a Solar-Photovoltaic-Integrated Low-Voltage Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-19, December.
    11. Khalilpour, Kaveh R. & Lusis, Peter, 2020. "Network capacity charge for sustainability and energy equity: A model-based analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Morvaj, Boran & Evins, Ralph & Carmeliet, Jan, 2017. "Decarbonizing the electricity grid: The impact on urban energy systems, distribution grids and district heating potential," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 125-140.
    2. Zhigang Duan & Yamin Yan & Xiaohan Yan & Qi Liao & Wan Zhang & Yongtu Liang & Tianqi Xia, 2017. "An MILP Method for Design of Distributed Energy Resource System Considering Stochastic Energy Supply and Demand," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-23, December.
    3. Li, Bei & Roche, Robin & Paire, Damien & Miraoui, Abdellatif, 2018. "Optimal sizing of distributed generation in gas/electricity/heat supply networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 675-688.
    4. Fichera, Alberto & Frasca, Mattia & Volpe, Rosaria, 2017. "Complex networks for the integration of distributed energy systems in urban areas," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 336-345.
    5. Theo, Wai Lip & Lim, Jeng Shiun & Ho, Wai Shin & Hashim, Haslenda & Lee, Chew Tin, 2017. "Review of distributed generation (DG) system planning and optimisation techniques: Comparison of numerical and mathematical modelling methods," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 531-573.
    6. Wang, Zhenfeng & Xu, Guangyin & Wang, Heng & Ren, Jingzheng, 2019. "Distributed energy system for sustainability transition: A comprehensive assessment under uncertainties based on interval multi-criteria decision making method by coupling interval DEMATEL and interva," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 750-761.
    7. Morvaj, Boran & Evins, Ralph & Carmeliet, Jan, 2016. "Optimization framework for distributed energy systems with integrated electrical grid constraints," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 296-313.
    8. Zhang, Na & Wang, Zefeng & Lior, Noam & Han, Wei, 2018. "Advancement of distributed energy methods by a novel high efficiency solar-assisted combined cooling, heating and power system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C), pages 179-186.
    9. Han, Jie & Ouyang, Leixin & Xu, Yuzhen & Zeng, Rong & Kang, Shushuo & Zhang, Guoqiang, 2016. "Current status of distributed energy system in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 288-297.
    10. David Grosspietsch & Marissa Saenger & Bastien Girod, 2019. "Matching decentralized energy production and local consumption: A review of renewable energy systems with conversion and storage technologies," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 8(4), July.
    11. Fonseca, Juan D. & Commenge, Jean-Marc & Camargo, Mauricio & Falk, Laurent & Gil, Iván D., 2021. "Multi-criteria optimization for the design and operation of distributed energy systems considering sustainability dimensions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    12. Ma, Tengfei & Wu, Junyong & Hao, Liangliang & Lee, Wei-Jen & Yan, Huaguang & Li, Dezhi, 2018. "The optimal structure planning and energy management strategies of smart multi energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 122-141.
    13. Yang, Dongfeng & Jiang, Chao & Cai, Guowei & Yang, Deyou & Liu, Xiaojun, 2020. "Interval method based optimal planning of multi-energy microgrid with uncertain renewable generation and demand," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    14. Li, Bei & Li, Jiangchen, 2021. "Probabilistic sizing of a low-carbon emission power system considering HVDC transmission and microgrid clusters," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    15. Wang, Wei & Jing, Rui & Zhao, Yingru & Zhang, Chuan & Wang, Xiaonan, 2020. "A load-complementarity combined flexible clustering approach for large-scale urban energy-water nexus optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    16. Radet, Hugo & Roboam, Xavier & Sareni, Bruno & Rigo-Mariani, Rémy, 2021. "Dynamic aware aging design of a simple distributed energy system: A comparative approach with single stage design strategies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    17. Jing, Rui & Wang, Meng & Zhang, Zhihui & Wang, Xiaonan & Li, Ning & Shah, Nilay & Zhao, Yingru, 2019. "Distributed or centralized? Designing district-level urban energy systems by a hierarchical approach considering demand uncertainties," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C), pages 1-1.
    18. Flores, Robert J. & Brouwer, Jacob, 2018. "Optimal design of a distributed energy resource system that economically reduces carbon emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C), pages 119-138.
    19. Alberto Fichera & Alessandro Pluchino & Rosaria Volpe, 2020. "Modelling Energy Distribution in Residential Areas: A Case Study Including Energy Storage Systems in Catania, Southern Italy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-21, July.
    20. Timo Kannengießer & Maximilian Hoffmann & Leander Kotzur & Peter Stenzel & Fabian Schuetz & Klaus Peters & Stefan Nykamp & Detlef Stolten & Martin Robinius, 2019. "Reducing Computational Load for Mixed Integer Linear Programming: An Example for a District and an Island Energy System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-27, July.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:256:y:2019:i:c:s0306261919316137. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.