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The effects of residual gas trapping on part load performance and emissions of a spark ignition direct injection engine fuelled with wet ethanol

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  • Lanzanova, Thompson Diórdinis Metzka
  • Dalla Nora, Macklini
  • Martins, Mario Eduardo Santos
  • Machado, Paulo Romeu Moreira
  • Pedrozo, Vinícius Bernardes
  • Zhao, Hua

Abstract

Biofuels, such as ethanol, have been introduced as a solution to decrease total CO2 emissions from transport sector as well as an alternative to increase the domestic energy security against international fuel price fluctuations. The use of high water content ethanol, the so-called wet ethanol (ethanol with higher than 5% water content v/v), has been proposed to reduce ethanol production cost. This work presents the application of wet ethanol on a naturally aspirated direct injection single cylinder research engine equipped with a fully variable electro-hydraulic valve train running on stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. The negative valve overlap (NVO) strategy was used to retain high residual gas fraction (RGF) at the part load operation of 3.1 bar IMEP and 1500 rpm. Anhydrous ethanol and different wet ethanol compositions (10% and 20% water-in-ethanol content v/v) were tested for several NVO durations, as well as European RON 95 gasoline. A one-dimensional engine model was built and validated against experimental data to estimate the RGF for each operating point. It was possible to achieve stable stoichiometric operation with more than 35% RGF for anhydrous ethanol and RON 95 gasoline. On the other hand, the maximum supported RGF for stable operation decreased as the water-in-ethanol content increased. The increase in water content reduced the tolerance to hot residuals due to lower combustion temperatures, which lengthened the flame initiation and main combustion phases. Even then, the increase in NVO period resulted in net indicated efficiency gains for all fuels due to less pumping losses, lower combustion temperature, and the possibility to maintain combustion efficiency at acceptable levels even with the maximum achievable RGF of each fuel. Anhydrous ethanol presented the highest net indicated efficiencies, while 10% water-in-ethanol mixture presented slightly higher indicated efficiency compared to gasoline. 20% water-in-ethanol mixture provided the lowest indicated efficiencies over the whole range of tested RGF.

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  • Lanzanova, Thompson Diórdinis Metzka & Dalla Nora, Macklini & Martins, Mario Eduardo Santos & Machado, Paulo Romeu Moreira & Pedrozo, Vinícius Bernardes & Zhao, Hua, 2019. "The effects of residual gas trapping on part load performance and emissions of a spark ignition direct injection engine fuelled with wet ethanol," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:253:y:2019:i:c:24
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113508
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    2. Duarte Souza Alvarenga Santos, Nathália & Rückert Roso, Vinícius & Teixeira Malaquias, Augusto César & Coelho Baêta, José Guilherme, 2021. "Internal combustion engines and biofuels: Examining why this robust combination should not be ignored for future sustainable transportation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    3. Nguyen Xuan Khoa & Ocktaeck Lim, 2022. "A Review of the External and Internal Residual Exhaust Gas in the Internal Combustion Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-21, February.
    4. Fagundez, J.L.S. & Lanzanova, T.D.M. & Martins, M.E.S. & Salau, N.P.G., 2020. "Joint use of artificial neural networks and particle swarm optimization to determine optimal performance of an ethanol SI engine operating with negative valve overlap strategy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C).
    5. Wang, Xiaochen & Gao, Jianbing & Chen, Zhanming & Chen, Hao & Zhao, Yuwei & Huang, Yuhan & Chen, Zhenbin, 2022. "Evaluation of hydrous ethanol as a fuel for internal combustion engines: A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 504-525.
    6. Khoa, Nguyen Xuan & Quach Nhu, Y. & Lim, Ocktaeck, 2020. "Estimation of parameters affected in internal exhaust residual gases recirculation and the influence of exhaust residual gas on performance and emission of a spark ignition engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).

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