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Effect of fuel injector deposit on spray characteristics, gaseous emissions and particulate matter in a gasoline direct injection engine

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  • Jiang, Changzhao
  • Xu, Hongming
  • Srivastava, Dhananjay
  • Ma, Xiao
  • Dearn, Karl
  • Cracknell, Roger
  • Krueger-Venus, Jens

Abstract

For modern gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, injector deposit is a concern because it can cause changes to the spray characteristics and lead to deterioration in fuel economy and exhaust emissions. In this study, in order to examine the link between spray variation and engine emissions deterioration due to injector deposit accumulation, 8 new injectors were installed on a GDI engine and run through a deposit accumulation process which included 6 cold starts and a 30-h steady state engine test at a speed of 2000rpm and load of 5bar break mean effective pressure (BMEP). One representative injector was examined before and after the deposit accumulation tests in order to understand the impact of deposit on the spray. Results showed that, at the end of the deposit accumulation test, the pulse width of the injectors stabilized at a level which was about 1.5% higher than at the start and the fuel consumption remained almost identical. High magnification and borescope imaging indicated that a significant amount of deposit had formed on the outer surface of the injector tip. However, Scan Electronic Microscope (SEM) imaging of the injector hole showed that, at this level of fouling, some deposit was present on the counterbore, while the nozzle hole was nearly completely unaffected. The deposit on the counterbore caused a 2.21% drop of the injector fuel flow rate at 150bar injection pressure. Penetration lengths and mean droplet sizes of all jets increased significantly. As for the impacts of the varied spray characteristics on the engine emissions, unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matter (PM) emissions significantly increased while other gaseous emissions (e.g. CO, NOx, CO2) only changed slightly.

Suggested Citation

  • Jiang, Changzhao & Xu, Hongming & Srivastava, Dhananjay & Ma, Xiao & Dearn, Karl & Cracknell, Roger & Krueger-Venus, Jens, 2017. "Effect of fuel injector deposit on spray characteristics, gaseous emissions and particulate matter in a gasoline direct injection engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 390-402.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:203:y:2017:i:c:p:390-402
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.020
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wang, Chongming & Xu, Hongming & Herreros, Jose Martin & Wang, Jianxin & Cracknell, Roger, 2014. "Impact of fuel and injection system on particle emissions from a GDI engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 178-191.
    2. Wang, Bo & Jiang, Yizhou & Hutchins, Peter & Badawy, Tawfik & Xu, Hongming & Zhang, Xinyu & Rack, Alexander & Tafforeau, Paul, 2017. "Numerical analysis of deposit effect on nozzle flow and spray characteristics of GDI injectors," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 1215-1224.
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    4. Zhang, Wenbin & Zhang, Zhou & Ma, Xiao & Awad, Omar I. & Li, Yanfei & Shuai, Shijin & Xu, Hongming, 2020. "Impact of injector tip deposits on gasoline direct injection engine combustion, fuel economy and emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
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    6. Badawy, Tawfik & Attar, Mohammadreza Anbari & Hutchins, Peter & Xu, Hongming & Krueger Venus, Jens & Cracknell, Roger, 2018. "Investigation of injector coking effects on spray characteristic and engine performance in gasoline direct injection engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 375-394.
    7. Slavchov, Radomir I. & Mosbach, Sebastian & Kraft, Markus & Pearson, Richard & Filip, Sorin V., 2018. "An adsorption-precipitation model for the formation of injector external deposits in internal combustion engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 1423-1438.
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