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Toward an efficient recycling system: Evaluating recyclability of end‐of‐life stainless steels by considering elements distribution during a remelting process

Author

Listed:
  • Xin Lu
  • Hajime Ohno
  • Osamu Takeda
  • Takahiro Miki
  • Yasushi Sasaki
  • Hongmin Zhu
  • Tetsuya Nagasaka

Abstract

Stainless steel is a special category of steel and contains high chromium and nickel. With particular attention to chromium and nickel, the solvent metal phase of recycling of end‐of‐life (EoL) ferritic and austenitic stainless steels by remelting is considered Fe–Cr alloy and Fe–Cr–Ni alloy instead of pure iron, respectively. Understanding the element elimination behavior from the solvent metal phase during the remelting process is important for the improvement of the resource efficiency of the stainless steel recycling. The elimination behavior of 23 alloying elements from Fe–Cr alloy and 22 alloying elements from Fe–Cr–Ni alloy were quantitatively evaluated by the thermodynamic method. The conventional metallurgical process, including slagging (oxidation) and evaporation, can efficiently eliminate lots of alloying elements but has its limitation for the elimination of some alloying elements such as copper, antimony, and tin. Moreover, improvement of the elimination is hard to expect with optimizing remelting conditions. Developing novel metallurgical refining processes, such as chlorination and sulfurization, is efficient for eliminating specific alloying elements. However, besides the effort from metallurgical technologies, developing advanced physical separation technologies of collected EoL products in the short term and optimizing the alloy/products design principle in the long term are much more important for improving the resource efficiency of recycling of EoL stainless steel products. Feedback of the alloying elements' elimination behavior during the remelting process to the upstream of the stainless steel cycle is critical.

Suggested Citation

  • Xin Lu & Hajime Ohno & Osamu Takeda & Takahiro Miki & Yasushi Sasaki & Hongmin Zhu & Tetsuya Nagasaka, 2022. "Toward an efficient recycling system: Evaluating recyclability of end‐of‐life stainless steels by considering elements distribution during a remelting process," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 26(5), pages 1701-1713, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:inecol:v:26:y:2022:i:5:p:1701-1713
    DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13304
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Daigo, Ichiro & Matsuno, Yasunari & Adachi, Yoshihiro, 2010. "Substance flow analysis of chromium and nickel in the material flow of stainless steel in Japan," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 54(11), pages 851-863.
    2. Johnson, Jeremiah & Reck, B.K. & Wang, T. & Graedel, T.E., 2008. "The energy benefit of stainless steel recycling," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 181-192, January.
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    5. Carina Harpprecht & Lauran van Oers & Stephen A. Northey & Yongxiang Yang & Bernhard Steubing, 2021. "Environmental impacts of key metals' supply and low‐carbon technologies are likely to decrease in the future," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 25(6), pages 1543-1559, December.
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