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Empirically testing Keynesian defense burden hypothesis, nonlinear hypothesis, and spillover hypothesis: Evidence from Asian countries

Author

Listed:
  • Qurat Ul AIN

    (University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan)

  • Syed Imran RAIS

    (University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan)

  • Syed Tahir Hussain SHAH

    (University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan)

  • Khalid ZAMAN

    (University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan)

  • Shakira EJAZ

    (University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan)

  • Abdul MANSOOR

    (University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan)

Abstract

The objective of the study is to evaluate different alternative and plausible hypothesis, i.e., Keynesian defense burden hypothesis, nonlinear hypothesis, and spillover hypothesis by controlling governance indicators in a panel of 5 Asian selected countries during a period of 2000 to 2016. The study employed panel Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) and Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality estimates for robust inferences. The results confirmed the defense burden hypothesis where high military expenditures decrease country’s economic growth. The real interest rate, trade openness, and government education expenditures substantially decreases country’s per capita income due to market imperfection, arms import, and low spending on education. The political instability decreases economic growth while voice and accountability and regulatory control largely support country’s economic growth. The causality estimates confirmed the feedback relationship between i) per capita income and exports ii) trade openness and military expenditures, and iii) real interest rate and exports, while growth led military expenditures and arms conflict, military led exports and political instability, and trade led regulatory control established in causality framework.

Suggested Citation

  • Qurat Ul AIN & Syed Imran RAIS & Syed Tahir Hussain SHAH & Khalid ZAMAN & Shakira EJAZ & Abdul MANSOOR, 2019. "Empirically testing Keynesian defense burden hypothesis, nonlinear hypothesis, and spillover hypothesis: Evidence from Asian countries," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania - AGER, vol. 0(1(618), S), pages 169-182, Spring.
    • Handle: RePEc:agr:journl:v:xxvi:y:2019:i:1(618):p:169-182
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    References listed on IDEAS

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