IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/agh/journl/v18y2017i1p103-116.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Earn-outs to bridge gap between negotiation parties – curse or blessing?

Author

Listed:
  • Christian Toll

    (Fern-Universität in Hagen, Chair of Business Administration, esp. Investment Theory and Business Valuation)

  • Jan-Phillipp Rolinck

    (Fern-Universität in Hagen, Chair of Business Administration, esp. Investment Theory and Business Valuation)

Abstract

An agreement upon the terms of company transactions is aggravated by the existence of different information levels concerning the negotiation parties; this can be seen as a basic cause for divergent price expectations. Hence, the question is how the existing differences in price expectations of the transaction parties can be handled to reach a consensus, even when there is no area of agreement in the initial round of negotiations. Earn-outs are an interesting approach in overcoming divergent price expectations by making the purchase price dependent on the future performance of the company. However, formulating and implementing earn-outs may have a substantial potential for conflict. The present contribution shows which advantages and disadvantages the transaction parties face if an agreement regarding earn-outs is made.

Suggested Citation

  • Christian Toll & Jan-Phillipp Rolinck, 2017. "Earn-outs to bridge gap between negotiation parties – curse or blessing?," Managerial Economics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, vol. 18(1), pages 103-116.
  • Handle: RePEc:agh:journl:v:18:y:2017:i:1:p:103-116
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.agh.edu.pl/manage/article/view/2663/1800
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Datar, Srikant & Frankel, Richard & Wolfson, Mark, 2001. "Earnouts: The Effects of Adverse Selection and Agency Costs on Acquisition Techniques," The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Oxford University Press, vol. 17(1), pages 201-238, April.
    2. Black, Fischer & Scholes, Myron S, 1973. "The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 81(3), pages 637-654, May-June.
    3. Cox, John C. & Ross, Stephen A. & Rubinstein, Mark, 1979. "Option pricing: A simplified approach," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(3), pages 229-263, September.
    4. William F. Sharpe, 1964. "Capital Asset Prices: A Theory Of Market Equilibrium Under Conditions Of Risk," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 19(3), pages 425-442, September.
    5. Jensen, Michael C. & Meckling, William H., 1976. "Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 305-360, October.
    6. Thomas Hering & Christian Toll & Polina K. Kirilova, 2016. "Assessing the maximum expendable quota for a milestone financing provided by a venture capitalist," International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 8(1), pages 102-117.
    7. George A. Akerlof, 1970. "The Market for "Lemons": Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 84(3), pages 488-500.
    8. Stefano Caselli & Stefano Gatti & Marco Visconti, 2006. "Managing M&A Risk with Collars, Earn‐outs, and CVRs," Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Morgan Stanley, vol. 18(4), pages 91-104, September.
    9. Jeffrey J Reuer & Oded Shenkar & Roberto Ragozzino, 2004. "Mitigating risk in international mergers and acquisitions: the role of contingent payouts," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 35(1), pages 19-32, January.
    10. Harry Markowitz, 1952. "Portfolio Selection," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 7(1), pages 77-91, March.
    11. Russell W. Coff, 1999. "How Buyers Cope with Uncertainty when Acquiring Firms in Knowledge-Intensive Industries: Caveat Emptor," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 10(2), pages 144-161, April.
    12. Cain, Matthew D. & Denis, David J. & Denis, Diane K., 2011. "Earnouts: A study of financial contracting in acquisition agreements," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(1-2), pages 151-170, February.
    13. Kohers, Ninon & Ang, James, 2000. "Earnouts in Mergers: Agreeing to Disagree and Agreeing to Stay," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 73(3), pages 445-476, July.
    14. Mantecon, Tomas, 2009. "Mitigating risks in cross-border acquisitions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(4), pages 640-651, April.
    15. Cain, Matthew D. & Denis, David J. & Denis, Diane K., 2011. "Earnouts: A study of financial contracting in acquisition agreements," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 151-170.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Nils Patschureck & Friedrich Sommer & Arnt Wöhrmann, 2015. "Contract design as a risk management tool in corporate acquisitions: theoretical foundations and empirical evidence," Journal of Management Control: Zeitschrift für Planung und Unternehmenssteuerung, Springer, vol. 26(4), pages 279-316, October.
    2. Corinna Ewelt-Knauer & Thorsten Knauer & Simon Pex, 2011. "Ausgestaltung und Einsatzbereiche von Earn-Outs in Unternehmenskaufverträgen," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 63(4), pages 371-400, June.
    3. Barbopoulos, Leonidas & Sudarsanam, Sudi, 2012. "Determinants of earnout as acquisition payment currency and bidder’s value gains," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 678-694.
    4. Gada, Viswa Prasad & Goyal, Lakshmi & Popli, Manish, 2021. "Earnouts in M&A deal structuring: The impact of CEO prevention focus," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 27(1).
    5. E. Lukas & C. Heimann, 2014. "Technological-induced information asymmetry, M&As and earnouts: stock market evidence from Germany," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(7), pages 481-493, April.
    6. Leonidas G Barbopoulos & Jo Danbolt & Dimitris Alexakis, 2018. "The role of earnout financing on the valuation effects of global diversification," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 49(5), pages 523-551, July.
    7. Elnahas, Ahmed M. & Kabir Hassan, M. & Ismail, Ghada M., 2017. "Religion and mergers and acquisitions contracting: The case of earnout agreements," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 221-246.
    8. Bachmann, & Baumann, & Schuler,, 2016. "Earnout-Klauseln bei Asset Deals: Eine betriebswirtschaftliche Analyse unter bilanziellen und steuerlichen Aspekten," Die Unternehmung - Swiss Journal of Business Research and Practice, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, vol. 70(2), pages 77-97.
    9. Kohli, Reena & Mann, Bikram Jit Singh, 2013. "Analyzing the likelihood and the impact of earnout offers on acquiring company wealth gains in India," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 16(C), pages 203-222.
    10. Kristian D. Allee & Daniel D. Wangerin, 2018. "Auditor monitoring and verification in financial contracts: evidence from earnouts and SFAS 141(R)," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 23(4), pages 1629-1664, December.
    11. Monda, Barbara & Giorgino, Marco & Modolin, Ileana, 2013. "Rationales for Corporate Risk Management - A Critical Literature Review," MPRA Paper 45420, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    12. Bhagat, Sanjai & Klasa, Sandy & Litov, Lubomir P., 2014. "The Use of Escrow Contracts in Acquisition Agreements," Working Papers 13-19, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School, Weiss Center.
    13. Monaco, Eleonora & Ibikunle, Gbenga & Palumbo, Riccardo & Zhang, Zeyu, 2022. "The liquidity and trading activity effects of acquisition payment methods: Evidence from the announcements of private firms' acquisitions," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    14. Leonidas G. Barbopoulos & Krishna Paudyal & Sudi Sudarsanam, 2018. "Earnout deals: Method of initial payment and acquirers’ gains," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 24(5), pages 792-828, November.
    15. Song, Di & Su, Jun & Yang, Chao & Shen, Na, 2019. "Performance commitment in acquisitions, regulatory change and market crash risk–evidence from China," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    16. Bates, Thomas W. & Neyland, Jordan B. & Wang, Yolanda Yulong, 2018. "Financing acquisitions with earnouts," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(2), pages 374-395.
    17. Morten Balling & Ernest Gnan, 2013. "The development of financial markets and financial theory: 50 years of interaction," SUERF 50th Anniversary Volume Chapters, in: Morten Balling & Ernest Gnan (ed.), 50 Years of Money and Finance: Lessons and Challenges, chapter 5, pages 157-194, SUERF - The European Money and Finance Forum.
    18. Leonidas G. Barbopoulos & Jo Danbolt, 2021. "The real effects of earnout contracts in M&As," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 44(3), pages 607-639, September.
    19. Remmers, Lee, 2004. "International financial management: 35 years later--what has changed?," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 155-180, April.
    20. Dari-Mattiacci, Giuseppe & Onderstal, Sander & Parisi, Francesco, 2021. "Asymmetric solutions to asymmetric information problems," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:agh:journl:v:18:y:2017:i:1:p:103-116. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Lukasz Lach (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/wzaghpl.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.