Sea surface Temperature in the Physical Mechanism of the Interannual Variability of Precipitation in the Saint Louis Region in the Context of Climate Change

The Saint-Louis Region runs along the Senegal River on the Mauritanian border, an interface region between the dry Sahelian and hot and dry Saharan climates. It is one of the regions of Senegal located in the northwest of this country. Its total population is nearly one million inhabitants living mainly from the resources of the river, and from agriculture. To understand the interannual variability of precipitation in this buffer region between the Sahel and the Sahara, more particularly in the region of Saint Louis, we have studied the meteorological parameters involved in the establishment of precipitation. This region is located in the extreme north of Senegal between 12 ° 62-16 ° 52 west longitude and 14 ° 4-16 ° 67 north latitude. On its western facade, it is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean. It has a strong agricultural vocation because of its significant water and land potential. Indeed, the Senegal River flows into the Atlantic at Saint Louis, it has source in Guinea. Its regime is very irregular and depends entirely on monsoon rains. However, rain is the most important factor in the climate and is one of the main sources of water for the river in this climatic zone. It is characterized by its insufficiency, its irregularity, and significant inter-annual differences. The influence of the nearby ocean appears to play an important role in climate activity in this region. Using the monsoon depth and height from meridian and zonal winds, we have established the correlations between monsoon rains and Sea Surface Temperature (SST). From these parameters, we were able to predict the rainfall breaks in this region of Senegal.