Genetic editing and public health: challenges and advances in the use of CRISPR for HIV

In 2024, the CRISPR-Cas9 system was recognized in Argentina as a revolutionary biotechnological tool in the treatment of complex diseases such as HIV. Originally discovered in bacteria as a defense mechanism, this system allowed for the precise editing of genes in human cells, opening up the possibility of eliminating co-receptors such as CCR5 and CXCR4, which are essential for the entry of the virus. In Argentina, this advance coincided with a context of strengthening of biomedical research and the partial regulation of advanced therapies. In centers such as INBIRS, preclinical studies were initiated that combined CRISPR with long-acting antiretroviral therapies, replicating international models. In parallel, the ANMAT and the Ministry of Science and Technology updated regulations to allow clinical trials with gene editing under strict ethical protocols. The National Precision Medicine Plan prioritized HIV/AIDS among the eligible pathologies, and organizations such as the R&D&I Agency funded research on CRISPR in animal models. However, in clinical practice, access remained restricted to the traditional cART scheme, with no real implementation of gene therapies. From an ethical and social perspective, the role of CECTE in formulating guidelines on the responsible use of CRISPR was highlighted, with an emphasis on equity and the protection of rights in vulnerable populations. Although Argentina made significant progress in CRISPR research for HIV, there was a clear need for comprehensive public policies to guarantee equitable access.