The Impact of Antimicrobial Resistance on Pediatric Oral Health Outcomes

According to predictions, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) may overtake all other causes of death globally by 2050, posing a serious danger to public health globally. This review examines the prevalence, mechanisms, and management of antibiotic resistance in pediatric oral infections. The oral cavity harbors diverse microbial communities, and inappropriate antibiotic use in dental practice contributes to the selection of resistant bacteria. Common oral pathogens, including Streptococci and anaerobes, have demonstrated varying levels of resistance to frequently prescribed antibiotics like amoxicillin, penicillin, and metronidazole. The review outlines foundational principles for antibiotic usage in pediatric dentistry, emphasizing prevention, adjunctive therapy, proper selection, and dosing. Specific clinical scenarios, such as pulpal infections, facial swelling, dental trauma, and periodontal disease, are discussed, providing guidance on appropriate antibiotic management. The challenges of managing antibiotic-resistant oral infections are addressed, highlighting the need for improved surveillance, responsible prescribing practices, and development of new antimicrobial agents. Emerging trends in antibiotic management, including the potential of metal nanoparticles and artificial intelligence, are explored. The review concludes by stressing the importance of judicious antibiotic use in pediatric dentistry, balancing effective treatment with broader public health implications. Continuous professional education and adaptation to emerging evidence are crucial for optimal care delivery and contribution to antibiotic stewardship initiatives.