Techniques and Biomaterials in Guided Bone Regeneration: A Comprehensive Approach in Dentistry

Introduction: Bone loss after tooth extraction represented a significant challenge in dentistry, characterized by rapid remodeling of the alveolar bone, with a reduction in crestal width of up to 60% in three years. This phenomenon mostly affected the vestibular bone, which is thinner than the lingual bone, especially in cases of trauma or periodontal disease. To address this problem, advanced techniques such as Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR), which integrated membranes, osteoconductive and osteoinductive materials and bone grafts, were developed. Development: The treatment of bone defects depended on biological processes such as osteogenesis, osteoconduction and osteoinduction. Autogenous grafts were considered the most effective option by providing living cells, proteins and growth factors essential for bone regeneration. Alternatively, biomaterials such as hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate, recognized for their biocompatibility, were used. In addition, semi-permeable membranes were used to prevent invasion of unwanted tissues, establishing a favorable environment for bone growth. These techniques allowed significant improvements in the stability and volume of the alveolar ridge. Conclusions: ROG consolidated as a key tool in the management of bone defects, facilitating anatomic and functional recovery of the alveolar ridge. Although autogenous grafts represented the gold standard, biomaterials expanded the therapeutic options. The success of these interventions depended on an adequate selection of materials, precise surgical techniques and an interdisciplinary approach, thus improving the quality of life of patients affected by alveolar bone loss