Biological Control of Planococcus citri by Entomopathogenic Fungi: A Review of Mechanisms and Applications

Introduction: entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) represent a sustainable and effective alternative for the biological control of agricultural pests, such as the citrus scale (Planococcus citri), which significantly affects lemon crops in Ecuador. These fungi, including Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Lecanicillium lecanii, act as natural insect pathogens, reducing dependence on chemical pesticides. Objective: to review the potential of EPFs as biological control agents against Planococcus citri, analyzing their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and applications in Ecuadorian agriculture. Development: EPFs infect scale insects by adhesion, germination, penetration, and colonization, producing enzymes and toxins that degrade the insect's cuticle. Studies show that strains such as Metarhizium anisopliae and Lecanicillium lecanii are especially effective against P. citri nymphs and adults. However, their effectiveness can be limited by environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, and the presence of waxy coatings on the insect. Conclusions: HEPs are a promising tool for integrated pest management in citrus, although their success depends on optimal environmental conditions and stable formulations. Further local research evaluating native strains and application strategies is recommended to maximize their effectiveness in controlling P. citri.