Neurodegenerative Disorders in India: current epidemiology, challenges, andtherapeutic perspectives

Objective: To critically review the current epidemiology, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic strategies, and associated challenges of major neurodegenerative diseases in India, particularly Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, Parkinson’s disease, and Multiple sclerosis. Methodology: A descriptive narrative review of published literature was conducted using data from national and international sources, including findings from the India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative and the Global Burden of Disease Study (1990–2019). Relevant studies addressing epidemiology, diagnostic modalities, therapeutic interventions, and healthcare challenges related to neurodegenerative diseases in the Indian context was critically reviewed and discussed. Results: The review highlights a substantial and rising burden of neurodegenerative diseases in India, closely linked to demographic transitions and population ageing. Alzheimer’s disease, other dementias, and Parkinson’s disease account for a major proportion of this burden. Significant gaps were identified in early diagnosis, availability of disease-modifying therapies, and access to specialized neurological care. These challenges are further aggravated by socioeconomic disparities, limited healthcare infrastructure, and the absence of comprehensive nationwide disease registry data. Conclusion: Neurodegenerative diseases represent an emerging public health priority in India. Addressing the growing burden will require improved diagnostic capacity, strengthened healthcare systems, enhanced data collection through national registries, and equitable access to care. This review underscores the need for targeted strategies and policy-level interventions to mitigate the impact of neurodegenerative diseases in the Indian population.