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Why Do Americans and Germans Work Different Hours?

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Author Info
Linda Bell
Richard Freeman

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Abstract

This paper documents the difference between the annual hours worked by employed Americans and Germans, decomposes the difference into differences due to vacation and holiday time and to hours worked while on the job, and examines alternative explanations for the difference. Employed Americans work roughly 10-15% more hours than Germans. Since American employment-population rates exceed those of Germans, adult Americans average some 20% more work time than adult Germans. At the same time, Americans show greater preference for additional hours worked than do Germans. Both of these differences developed in the past 20 years. Two decades ago, Americans worked less than Germans, and it was the Germans who wanted to work more hours. Standard labor supply analyses do not appear able to explain this difference. We show that differences in hours worked are related to differences in earnings inequality across countries, and hypothesize that the high rewards to success in the U.S., lack of job security, and low social safety net compared to Germany or other European countries may explain the cross-country differences in an extended supply model.

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Paper provided by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc in its series NBER Working Papers with number 4808.

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Date of creation: Jul 1994
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Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:4808

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  1. Levy, Frank & Murnane, Richard J, 1992. "U.S. Earnings Levels and Earnings Inequality: A Review of Recent Trends and Proposed Explanations," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 30(3), pages 1333-81, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  1. Michael Huberman & Wayne Lewchuk, 1999. "Globalization and Worker Welfare in Late Nineteenth Century Europe," CIRANO Working Papers 99s-01, CIRANO. [Downloadable!]
  2. Michelacci, Claudio & Pijoan-Mas, Josep, 2007. "The Effects of Labor Market Conditions on Working Time: the US-EU Experience," CEPR Discussion Papers 6314, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  3. Arie Kapteyn & Adriaan Kalwij & Asghar Zaidi, 2000. "The Myth of Worksharing," Economics Series Working Papers 032, University of Oxford, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  4. David Campbell & Francis Green, 2002. "The Long Term Pay-Off From Working Longer Hours," Studies in Economics 0205, Department of Economics, University of Kent. [Downloadable!]
  5. Luigi Bonatti, 2007. "Evolution of preferences and cross-country differences in time devoted to market work," Department of Economics Working Papers 0719, Department of Economics, University of Trento, Italia. [Downloadable!]
  6. Marimon, Ramon & Zilibotti, Fabrizio, 1999. "Employment and Distributional Effects of Restricting Working Time," CEPR Discussion Papers 2127, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  7. Schettkat, Ronald, 2003. "Differences in US-German Time-Allocation: Why Do Americans Work Longer Hours than Germans?," IZA Discussion Papers 697, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  8. Jennifer Hunt, 1996. "The Response of Wages and Actual Hours Worked to the Reductions of Standard Hours," NBER Working Papers 5716, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Michael Huberman & Chris Minns, 2005. "Hours of Work in Old and New Worlds: The Long View, 1870-2000," The Institute for International Integration Studies Discussion Paper Series iiisdp95, IIIS. [Downloadable!]
  10. Richard Freeman, 1995. "Doing It Right? The US Labour Market Response to the 1980s/1990s," CEP Discussion Papers dp0231, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE. [Downloadable!]
  11. Lars Osberg, 2003. "Understanding Growth and Inequality Trends: The Role of Labour Supply in the US and Germany," Canadian Public Policy, University of Toronto Press, vol. 29(s1), pages 163-184, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  12. Michael Huberman, 2002. "Working Hours of the World Unite? New International Evidence on Worktime, 1870-1900," CIRANO Working Papers 2002s-77, CIRANO. [Downloadable!]
  13. Jennifer Hunt, 1996. "Has Work-Sharing Worked in Germany?," NBER Working Papers 5724, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  14. Heisz, Andrew & Larochelle-Côté, Sébastien, 2003. "Working Hours in Canada and the United States," Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series 2003209e, Statistics Canada, Analytical Studies Branch. [Downloadable!]
  15. Richard B. Freeman & Ronald Schettkat, 2000. "Low Wage Services: Interpreting the US - German Difference," NBER Working Papers 7611, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  16. Christina H. Paxson & Nachum Sicherman, 1994. "The Dynamics of Dual-Job Holding and Job Mobility," NBER Working Papers 4968, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  17. Thomas Liebig & Alfonso Sousa-Poza, 2003. "How does income inequality influence international migration?," ERSA conference papers ersa03p472, European Regional Science Association. [Downloadable!]
  18. Michael Huberman & Paul Lanoie, 2000. "Changing Attitudes Toward Worksharing: Evidence from Quebec," Canadian Public Policy, University of Toronto Press, vol. 26(2), pages 141-155, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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