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Nonlinear Cointegration Analysis and the Environmental Kuznets Curve

Author

Listed:
  • Hong, Seung Hyun

    (Department of Economics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada)

  • Wagner, Martin

    (Department of Economics and Finance, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, Austria)

Abstract

Recent years have seen a growing literature on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) that resorts in a large part to cointegration techniques. The EKC literature has failed to acknowledge that such regressions involve unit root nonstationary regressors and their integer powers (e.g. GDP and GDP squared), which behave differently from linear cointegrating regressions. Here we provide the necessary tools for EKC analysis by deriving estimation and testing theory for cointegrating equations including stationary regressors, deterministic regressors, unit root nonstationary regressors and their integer powers. We consider fully modified OLS estimation, specification tests based on augmented and auxiliary regressions, as well as a sub-sample KPSS type cointegration test. We present simulation results illustrating the performance of the estimators and tests. In the empirical application for CO2 and SO2 emissions for 19 early industrialized countries over the period 1870-2000 we find evidence for an EKC in roughly half of the countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Hong, Seung Hyun & Wagner, Martin, 2008. "Nonlinear Cointegration Analysis and the Environmental Kuznets Curve," Economics Series 224, Institute for Advanced Studies.
    • Handle: RePEc:ihs:ihsesp:224
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    File URL: https://irihs.ihs.ac.at/id/eprint/1846
    File Function: First version, 2008
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    Citations

    Blog mentions

    As found by EconAcademics.org, the blog aggregator for Economics research:
    1. Tests for Non-Linear Cointegration
      by David Stern in Stochastic Trend on 2010-10-22 08:19:00

    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Michael Polemis & Thanasis Stengos, 2018. "Taming the SO2 and NOx emissions: evidence from a SUR model for the US," Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, Springer, vol. 11(2), pages 95-104, July.
    2. Kander, Astrid & Stern, David I., 2014. "Economic growth and the transition from traditional to modern energy in Sweden," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 56-65.
    3. Lei Wang & Bo Yu & Fang Chen & Ning Wang & Congrong Li, 2022. "An Analysis of Eco–Environmental Changes in Rural Areas in China Based on Sustainability Indicators between 2000 and 2015," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-16, August.
    4. Barbara Annicchiarico & Anna Rita Bennato & Emilio Zanetti Chini, 2014. "150 Years of Italian CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth," CREATES Research Papers 2014-02, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University.
    5. Silvia Coderoni & Roberto Esposti, 2014. "Is There a Long-Term Relationship Between Agricultural GHG Emissions and Productivity Growth? A Dynamic Panel Data Approach," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 58(2), pages 273-302, June.
    6. Richard Green and Nicholas Vasilakos, 2012. "Storing Wind for a Rainy Day: What Kind of Electricity Does Denmark Export?," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 3).
    7. Imad Moosa, 2018. "Growth and Environmental Degradation in MENA Countries: Methodological Issues and Empirical Evidence," Working Papers 1260, Economic Research Forum, revised 03 Dec 2018.
    8. Seref Bozoklu & A. Oguz Demir & Sinan Ataer, 2020. "Reassessing the environmental Kuznets curve: a summability approach for emerging market economies," Eurasian Economic Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 10(3), pages 513-531, September.
    9. Silvia CODERONI & Roberto ESPOSTI, 2011. "Is there a Long-Term Relationship between Agricultural GHG Emissions and Productivity Growth? The Case of Italian Agriculture," Working Papers 369, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche (I), Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Sociali.
    10. Ben Nasr, Adnen & Gupta, Rangan & Sato, João Ricardo, 2015. "Is there an Environmental Kuznets Curve for South Africa? A co-summability approach using a century of data," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(PA), pages 136-141.
    11. David I. Stern and Astrid Kander, 2012. "The Role of Energy in the Industrial Revolution and Modern Economic Growth," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 3).
    12. Michael L. Polemis & Mike G. Tsionas, 2019. "Bayesian nonlinear panel cointegration: an empirical application to the EKC hypothesis," Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, Springer, vol. 12(2), pages 113-120, August.
    13. Hassan Qudrat-Ullah & Chinedu Miracle Nevo, 2022. "Analysis of the Dynamic Relationships among Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Financial Development, and Carbon Dioxide Emission in Five Sub-Saharan African Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-19, August.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Integrated process; Nonlinear transformation; Fully modified estimation; Nonlinear cointegration analysis; Environmental Kuznets curve;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C12 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Hypothesis Testing: General
    • C13 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Estimation: General
    • Q20 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Renewable Resources and Conservation - - - General

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