IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/fip/fedgfe/2018-78.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Emergency Collateral Upgrades

Author

Abstract

During the 2008-09 financial crisis, the Federal Reserve established two emergency facilities for broker-dealers. One provided collateralized loans. The other lent securities against a pledge of other securities, effectively providing collateral upgrades, an operation similar to activities traditionally undertaken by broker-dealers. We find that these facilities alleviated dealers' funding pressures when access to repos backed by illiquid collateral deteriorated. We also find that dealers used the facilities, especially the ability to upgrade collateral, to continue funding their own illiquid inventories (avoiding potential fire-sales), and to extend funding to their clients. Exogenous variation in collateral policies at one facility allows a causal interpretation of these stabilizing effects.

Suggested Citation

  • Mark A. Carlson & Marco Macchiavelli, 2018. "Emergency Collateral Upgrades," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2018-078, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2018-78
    DOI: 10.17016/FEDS.2018.078
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/feds/files/2018078pap.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.17016/FEDS.2018.078?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Arvind Krishnamurthy & Stefan Nagel & Dmitry Orlov, 2014. "Sizing Up Repo," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 69(6), pages 2381-2417, December.
    2. Armantier, Olivier & Ghysels, Eric & Sarkar, Asani & Shrader, Jeffrey, 2015. "Discount window stigma during the 2007–2008 financial crisis," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(2), pages 317-335.
    3. Michael J. Fleming, 2012. "Federal Reserve Liquidity Provision during the Financial Crisis of 2007–2009," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 4(1), pages 161-177, October.
    4. Rajkamal Iyer & Marco Macchiavelli, 2017. "The Systemic Nature of Settlement Fails," FEDS Notes 2017-07-03, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    5. Parinitha Sastry, 2018. "The political origins of Section 13(3) of the Federal Reserve Act," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, issue 24-1, pages 1-33.
    6. Kenneth D. Garbade, 2006. "The evolution of repo contracting conventions in the 1980s," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, vol. 12(May), pages 27-42.
    7. Adam Copeland & Antoine Martin & Michael Walker, 2014. "Repo Runs: Evidence from the Tri-Party Repo Market," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 69(6), pages 2343-2380, December.
    8. Gorton, Gary & Metrick, Andrew, 2012. "Securitized banking and the run on repo," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(3), pages 425-451.
    9. Rajkamal Iyer & Marco Macchiavelli, 2017. "Primary Dealers' Behavior during the 2007-08 Crisis : Part II, Intermediation and Deleveraging," FEDS Notes 2017-06-28, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    10. Acharya, Viral V. & Fleming, Michael J. & Hrung, Warren B. & Sarkar, Asani, 2017. "Dealer financial conditions and lender-of-last-resort facilities," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 123(1), pages 81-107.
    11. Michael J. Fleming & Warren B. Hrung & Frank M. Keane, 2010. "Repo Market Effects of the Term Securities Lending Facility," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 100(2), pages 591-596, May.
    12. Laurence Ball, 2016. "The Fed and Lehman Brothers: Introduction and Summary," NBER Working Papers 22410, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    13. Tobias Adrian & Christopher R. Burke & James J. McAndrews, 2009. "The Federal Reserve's Primary Dealer Credit Facility," Current Issues in Economics and Finance, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, vol. 15(Aug).
    14. Michael J. Fleming & Warren B. Hrung & Frank M. Keane, 2009. "The Term Securities Lending Facility: origin, design, and effects," Current Issues in Economics and Finance, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, vol. 15(Feb).
    15. Arvind Krishnamurthy, 2010. "How Debt Markets Have Malfunctioned in the Crisis," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 24(1), pages 3-28, Winter.
    16. Berger, Allen N. & Black, Lamont K. & Bouwman, Christa H.S. & Dlugosz, Jennifer, 2017. "Bank loan supply responses to Federal Reserve emergency liquidity facilities," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 1-15.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Marco Macchiavelli & Luke Pettit, 2018. "Liquidity Regulation and Financial Intermediaries," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2018-084, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Carlson, Mark & Macchiavelli, Marco, 2020. "Emergency loans and collateral upgrades: How broker-dealers used Federal Reserve credit during the 2008 financial crisis," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 137(3), pages 701-722.
    2. Acharya, Viral V. & Fleming, Michael J. & Hrung, Warren B. & Sarkar, Asani, 2017. "Dealer financial conditions and lender-of-last-resort facilities," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 123(1), pages 81-107.
    3. Arvind Krishnamurthy & Stefan Nagel & Dmitry Orlov, 2014. "Sizing Up Repo," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 69(6), pages 2381-2417, December.
    4. Anbil, Sriya & Carlson, Mark & Styczynski, Mary-Frances, 2023. "The effect of the Federal Reserve’s lending facility on PPP lending by commercial banks," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    5. Ken B. Cyree & Mark D. Griffiths & Drew B. Winters, 2017. "Implications of a TAF program stigma for lenders: the case of publicly traded banks versus privately held banks," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 49(2), pages 545-567, August.
    6. Alyssa G. Anderson & John Kandrac, 2016. "Monetary Policy Implementation and Private Repo Displacement : Evidence from the Overnight Reverse Repurchase Facility," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2016-096, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    7. He, Zhiguo & Nagel, Stefan & Song, Zhaogang, 2022. "Treasury inconvenience yields during the COVID-19 crisis," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 143(1), pages 57-79.
    8. Scott Brave & Hesna Genay, 2011. "Federal Reserve policies and financial market conditions during the crisis," Working Paper Series WP-2011-04, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
    9. Christina Bui, 2018. "Bank Regulation and Financial Stability," PhD Thesis, Finance Discipline Group, UTS Business School, University of Technology, Sydney, number 5-2018.
    10. Marco Macchiavelli & Luke Pettit, 2018. "Liquidity Regulation and Financial Intermediaries," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2018-084, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    11. Brian Begalle & Antoine Martin & James McAndrews & Susan McLaughlin, 2016. "The Risk Of Fire Sales In The Tri-Party Repo Market," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 34(3), pages 513-530, July.
    12. Frédéric Boissay & Russell Cooper, 2014. "The Collateral Trap," NBER Working Papers 20703, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    13. Viral V Acharya & Bruce Tuckman, 2014. "Unintended Consequences of LOLR Facilities: The Case of Illiquid Leverage," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, vol. 62(4), pages 606-655, November.
    14. Christoph Aymanns & Co-Pierre Georg & Benjamin Golub, 2017. "Illiquidity spirals in Coupled Over-The-Counter Markets," Working Papers on Finance 1810, University of St. Gallen, School of Finance.
    15. Donaldson, Jason & Micheler, Eva, 2016. "Resaleable debt and systemic risk," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 119000, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    16. Bulusu, Narayan & Guérin, Pierre, 2019. "What drives interbank loans? Evidence from Canada," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 427-444.
    17. Gerba, Eddie & Katsoulis, Petros, 2021. "The repo market under Basel III," Bank of England working papers 954, Bank of England.
    18. Donaldson, Jason Roderick & Micheler, Eva, 2018. "Resaleable debt and systemic risk," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(3), pages 485-504.
    19. Tobias Adrian & Adam B. Ashcraft, 2012. "shadow banking: a review of the literature," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics,, Palgrave Macmillan.
    20. Jennie Bai & Arvind Krishnamurthy & Charles†Henri Weymuller, 2018. "Measuring Liquidity Mismatch in the Banking Sector," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 73(1), pages 51-93, February.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Financial crisis; Lender of last resort; Collateral; Dealers; Repo;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G24 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage
    • G01 - Financial Economics - - General - - - Financial Crises
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2018-78. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Ryan Wolfslayer ; Keisha Fournillier (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/frbgvus.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.