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Institutions, Economic Policies and Growth: Lessons From the Chilean Experience

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Author Info
Vittorio Corbo
Leonardo Hernández
Fernando Parro
Abstract

A pesar del esfuerzo de reformas de las décadas pasadas, el desempeño económico y social de los países de América Latina durante los noventa fue bastante pobre. La excepción fue Chile, que creció a tasas promedio de 7% durante la mayor parte de la década y redujo significativamente su tasa de pobreza. Este trabajo intenta explicar esta notable diferencia. Siguiendo la literatura más reciente, que destaca el rol que juegan las instituciones y políticas en el crecimiento económico, argumentamos que el mejor desempeño de Chile se debió a que las reformas implementadas fueron mucho más profundas y abarcaron más áreas que aquellas implementadas en otros países de América Latina. Durante este proceso Chile terminó con fundamentos económicos más sólidos y, aún más importante, con mejores instituciones, lo que le permitió enfrentar de mejor manera los shocks adversos en los noventa. Basados en un modelo econométrico de corte transversal estimado para el período 1960-2000, argumentamos que el mejor desempeño de Chile vis-a-vis al resto de la región puede ser explicado en partes iguales por las mejores instituciones y políticas del país (en contraste, el mejor desempeño de Asia del Este es explicado principalmente por mejores políticas). Adicionalmente, estimamos que América Latina puede aumentar su tasa de crecimiento anual del producto per cápita un 1,6%, en promedio, si tuviera la calidad de instituciones de Chile. Por otro lado, si el promedio de los países de América Latina tuviera políticas (desarrollo financiero y sobrevaluación cambiaria) similares a Chile, la tasa de crecimiento anual del producto per cápita aumentaría en un 1,0%, en promedio. Concluimos que, para lograr tasas de crecimiento más altas, los países de América Latina deben avanzar en sus procesos de reformas y poner más énfasis en el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de sus instituciones, las cuales, como muestra la experiencia de Chile, pueden ser modificadas (aunque lentamente).

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Paper provided by Central Bank of Chile in its series Working Papers Central Bank of Chile with number 317.

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Date of creation: Apr 2005
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Handle: RePEc:chb:bcchwp:317

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Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
  1. Ross Levine, 1997. "Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 35(2), pages 688-726, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  2. Robert E. Hall & Charles I. Jones, 1999. "Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker than Others?," NBER Working Papers 6564, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  3. Eduardo Fernández-Arias & Peter Montiel, 1997. "Reform and Growth in Latin America: All Pain, No Gain?," RES Working Papers 4078, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department. [Downloadable!]
  4. Easterly, William & Loayza, Norman & Montiel, Peter, 1997. "Has Latin America's post-reform growth been disappointing?," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(3-4), pages 287-311, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  5. Eduardo Lora, 2001. "Structural Reforms in Latin America: What Has Been Reformed and How to Measure It," RES Working Papers 4293, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department. [Downloadable!]
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  6. Rodrik, Dani & Subramanian, Arvind & Trebbi, Francesco, 2002. "Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions Over Geography and Integration in Economic Development," CEPR Discussion Papers 3643, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  7. Daron Acemoglu & Simon Johnson & James Robinson & Yunyong Thaicharoen, 2002. "Institutional Causes, Macroeconomic Symptoms: Volatility, Crises and Growth," NBER Working Papers 9124, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  8. Eduardo Lora & Ugo Panizza, 2002. "Structural Reforms in Latin America under Scrutiny," RES Working Papers 4301, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department. [Downloadable!]
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  1. Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel, 2006. "Chile’s Economic Growth," Working Papers Central Bank of Chile 365, Central Bank of Chile. [Downloadable!]
  2. Prüfer, P. & Tondl, G., 2008. "The FDI-Growth Nexus in Latin America: The Role of Source Countries and Local Conditions," Discussion Paper 2008-61, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research. [Downloadable!]
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