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The Main Trends in National Economic Disparities since the Industrial Revolution

In: Disparities in Economic Development since the Industrial Revolution

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  • Paul Bairoch

Abstract

If we exclude a certain number of small countries, which for specific reasons could benefit from exceptional resources, it appears that the differences in the international levels of income were very limited before the strong upheaval introduced by the industrial revolution. The gap between the least developed or poorest country and the richest was probably in the range of only 1.0 to 1.6. If we refer to broader economic entities, such as Western Europe or China, the gap was even more limited, of the order of 1.0 to 1.3 or less. In the framework of traditional economies, a favourable natural resource endowment brought in general a more rapid increase in population, which in turn led to a new equilibrium at a lower level of resources per capita.

Suggested Citation

  • Paul Bairoch, 1981. "The Main Trends in National Economic Disparities since the Industrial Revolution," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Paul Bairoch & Maurice Lévy-Leboyer (ed.), Disparities in Economic Development since the Industrial Revolution, chapter 1, pages 3-17, Palgrave Macmillan.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:palchp:978-1-349-04707-9_1
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-04707-9_1
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    Cited by:

    1. Vaitsos, Constantine V., 2003. "Growth Theories Revisited: Enduring Questions with Changing Answers," UNU-INTECH Discussion Paper Series 2003-09, United Nations University - INTECH.
    2. Carolina Castaldi & Mario Cimoli & Nelson Correa & Giovanni Dosi, 2004. "Technological Learning, Policy Regimes and Growth in a `Globalized' Economy: General Patterns and the Latin American Experience," LEM Papers Series 2004/01, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    3. Carolina Castaldi & Giovanni Dosi, 2009. "The patterns of output growth of firms and countries: Scale invariances and scale specificities," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 37(3), pages 475-495, December.
    4. Christa N. Brunnschweiler & Päivi Lujala, 2019. "Economic Backwardness and Social Tension," Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 121(2), pages 482-516, April.
    5. Charolina CASTALDI & Giovanni Dosi, 2004. "Income Levels and Income Growth: Some New Cross-Country Evidence and some Interpretative Puzzles," DEGIT Conference Papers c009_038, DEGIT, Dynamics, Economic Growth, and International Trade.
    6. Carolina Castaldi & Giovanni Dosi, 2007. "The patterns of output growth of firms and countries: new evidence on scale invariances and scale specificities," LEM Papers Series 2007/14, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    7. Prados de la Escosura, Leandro, 2000. "International Comparisons of Real Product, 1820-1990: An Alternative Data Set," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 1-41, January.
    8. David Greasley & Les Oxley, 2000. "Outside the Club: New Zealand's economic growth, 1870-1993," International Review of Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(2), pages 173-192.
    9. Stephen Broadberry & Steve Hindle, 2011. "Editors’ introduction," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 64(s1), pages 1-7, February.
    10. Dosi, Giovanni & Roventini, Andrea & Russo, Emanuele, 2019. "Endogenous growth and global divergence in a multi-country agent-based model," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 101-129.
    11. Broadberry, Stephen & Gupta, Bishnupriya, 2010. "The historical roots of India's service-led development: A sectoral analysis of Anglo-Indian productivity differences, 1870-2000," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 47(3), pages 264-278, July.
    12. Pedro Lains, 2003. "Portugal's Growth Paradox, 1870-1950," FEP Working Papers 135, Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Economia do Porto.
    13. Prados de la Escosura, Leandro, 2007. "International inequality and polarization in living standards, 1870-2000 : evidence from the Western World," IFCS - Working Papers in Economic History.WH wp07-05, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Instituto Figuerola.
    14. Bruno Chiarini & Elisabetta Marzano, 2014. "Urbanization and Growth: Why Did the Splendor of the Italian Cities in the Sixteenth Century not Lead to Transition?," CESifo Working Paper Series 5038, CESifo.
    15. Maddison, Angus, 2005. "La economía de occidente y la del resto del mundo : una perspectiva milenaria," IFCS - Working Papers in Economic History.WH dilf0501, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Instituto Figuerola.
    16. Alam, M. Shahid, 2003. "A Short History of the Global Economy Since 1800," MPRA Paper 1263, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    17. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/46k9rkvut99i7qnn4vqm25t53b is not listed on IDEAS
    18. De Long, J Bradford, 1988. "Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: Comment," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 78(5), pages 1138-1154, December.
    19. Stephen Broadberry & Steve Hindle, 2011. "Editors’ introduction," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 64, pages 1-7, February.
    20. Milanovic, Branko, 2009. "Global inequality and the global inequality extraction ratio: the story of the past two centuries," Policy Research Working Paper Series 5044, The World Bank.
    21. Chris Freeman, 2007. "Social inequality, technology and economic growth," Globelics Working Paper Series 2007-05, Globelics - Global Network for Economics of Learning, Innovation, and Competence Building Systems, Aalborg University, Department of Business and Management.
    22. Martin Ravallion, 2013. "The Idea of Antipoverty Policy," NBER Working Papers 19210, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.

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