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The Association between COVID-19 Status and Economic Costs in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a UK Symptom Surveillance Digital Survey

Author

Listed:
  • Sung Wook Kim

    (University of Oxford)

  • Caterina Alacevich

    (University of Florida)

  • Catia Nicodemo

    (University of Oxford
    Brunel University of London)

  • Raphael Wittenberg

    (University of Oxford)

  • Simon Lusignan

    (University of Oxford)

  • Stavros Petrou

    (University of Oxford)

Abstract

Introduction In the absence of a vaccination programme, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had substantial impacts on population health and wellbeing and health care services. We explored the association between COVID-19 status, sociodemographic, socioeconomic and clinical factors and economic costs during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data The study used patient-reported digital survey and symptom surveillance data collected between July and December 2020, in collaboration with a primary care computerised medical record system supplier, EMIS Health, in the UK. The study included 11,534 participants. Methods Generalised linear models (GLM) and two-part regression models were used to estimate factors associated with economic costs (£sterling, 2022 prices) estimated from two perspectives: (i) a UK National Health Service (NHS) and personal social services (PSS) perspective and (ii) a societal perspective. Results Experience of the onset of COVID-19 symptoms started more than 3 months ago was associated with significantly higher NHS and PSS costs (GLM: £319.8, two-part: £171.7) (p

Suggested Citation

  • Sung Wook Kim & Caterina Alacevich & Catia Nicodemo & Raphael Wittenberg & Simon Lusignan & Stavros Petrou, 2025. "The Association between COVID-19 Status and Economic Costs in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a UK Symptom Surveillance Digital Survey," PharmacoEconomics - Open, Springer, vol. 9(2), pages 231-245, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:pharmo:v:9:y:2025:i:2:d:10.1007_s41669-024-00544-0
    DOI: 10.1007/s41669-024-00544-0
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Psacharopoulos, George & Collis, Victoria & Patrinos, Harry Anthony & Vegas, Emiliana, 2020. "Lost Wages: The COVID-19 Cost of School Closures," GLO Discussion Paper Series 548, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    3. Drummond, Michael F. & Sculpher, Mark J. & Claxton, Karl & Stoddart, Greg L. & Torrance, George W., 2015. "Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, edition 4, number 9780199665884, Decembrie.
    4. Apostolos Davillas & Andrew M. Jones, 2021. "Unmet health care need and income‐Related horizontal equity in use of health care during the COVID‐19 pandemic," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(7), pages 1711-1716, July.
    5. Caterina Alacevich & Inna Thalmann & Catia Nicodemo & Simon Lusignan & Stavros Petrou, 2023. "Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Episodes and Health-Related Quality of Life," Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, Springer, vol. 21(5), pages 761-771, September.
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