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The Measurement of Seasonality and its Economic Impacts

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  • Raphael Raymond Bar-On

    (Tourism Consultant, 28 Ha-Mitnachlim St, Ramat Ha-Sharon, Israel 47203)

Abstract

Seasonality is significant in most travel and tourism series. The economic benefits of tourism are reduced by the building of accommodation and facilities that are used only part of the year, or have low annual usage, and by seasonal unemployment. Monthly occupation peaks and troughs in 1998 are presented for 16 countries, as well as seasonal patterns of tourism by air to Israel by principal origin and of inbound and domestic hotel demand — the paper gives the national totals and the figures for Eilat (including revenue per night — inbound and domestic and employment) and for five other destinations, using the X-11 ARIMA/88 program. The Maximal Utilization constrained by Seasonality (MUS) and the Seasonal Underutilization Factor (SUF) are presented.

Suggested Citation

  • Raphael Raymond Bar-On, 1999. "The Measurement of Seasonality and its Economic Impacts," Tourism Economics, , vol. 5(4), pages 437-458, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:toueco:v:5:y:1999:i:4:p:437-458
    DOI: 10.1177/135481669900500409
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    Cited by:

    1. Cuccia, Tiziana & Rizzo, Ilde, 2011. "Tourism seasonality in cultural destinations: Empirical evidence from Sicily," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 589-595.
    2. Cellini, Roberto & Rizzo, Giuseppe, 2012. "Private and public incentive to reduce seasonality: A theoretical model," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal (2007-2020), Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel), vol. 6, pages 1-33.
    3. Sainaghi, Ruggero & Baggio, Rodolfo, 2017. "Complexity traits and dynamics of tourism destinations," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 368-382.
    4. Batabyal, Amitrajeet A. & Yoo, Seung Jick, 2010. "A probabilistic analysis of guided tours for tourists during the slack season," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 31(4), pages 482-485.
    5. Anna Serena Vergori & Serena Arima, 2022. "Transport modes and tourism seasonality in Italy: By air or by road?," Tourism Economics, , vol. 28(3), pages 583-598, May.
    6. Luigi Grossi & Mauro Mussini, 2019. "Seasonality in tourist flows: Decomposing and testing changes in seasonal concentration," Working Papers 16/2019, University of Verona, Department of Economics.
    7. Connell, Joanne & Page, Stephen J. & Meyer, Denny, 2015. "Visitor attractions and events: Responding to seasonality," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 283-298.
    8. Aline de Freitas & Fernanda Achete & Susana Beatriz Vinzón, 2020. "Characterization of the Coastal Environment as a Baseline for Alternative Tourism Segments Development in Salinópolis, Pará," World, MDPI, vol. 1(3), pages 1-12, November.
    9. Rimo Das & Harshinder Chadha & Somnath Banerjee, 2021. "Multi-layered market forecast framework for hotel revenue management by continuously learning market dynamics," Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 20(3), pages 351-367, June.
    10. Batabyal, Amitrajeet A. & Beladi, Hamid, 2011. "An alternate approach to modeling the slack season provision of guided tours to tourists," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 32(5), pages 1047-1049.
    11. Marianna Succurro & Federico Boffa, 2010. "Search Cost Reduction Increases Variation In Hotels Occupancy Rate: A Theoretical And Empirical Analysis," Working Papers 201020, Università della Calabria, Dipartimento di Economia, Statistica e Finanza "Giovanni Anania" - DESF.
    12. Park, Sangwon & Yaduma, Natina & Lockwood, Andrew J. & Williams, Allan M., 2016. "Demand fluctuations, labour flexibility and productivity," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 93-112.
    13. Ruggero Sainaghi, 2015. "Il controllo dei costi nelle imprese funiviarie," ECONOMIA E DIRITTO DEL TERZIARIO, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2015(2), pages 315-338.

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