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Taux d'intérêt réels et activité économique. Un essai d'interprétation théorique et de mesure empirique

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  • Jean-Paul Fitoussi
  • Jacques Le Cacheux
  • François Lecointe
  • Christian Vasseur

Abstract

[fre] Alors que les modifications importantes de prix relatifs dans les années soixante-dix ont essentiellement concerné les biens et services, la hausse des taux d'intérêt réels à partir de 1980 inaugure une phase de bouleversements des prix sur les marchés financiers. Ces chocs de prix relatifs — hausse du prix des produits pétroliers, accroissement des taux d'intérêt réels, appréciation du dollar pour les pays européens — ont eu dans l'ensemble des conséquences néfastes sur les coûts de production et sur les débouchés, dont l'analyse requiert une approche articulant aspects d'offre et de demande d'un côté, interactions entre marchés de capitaux et activité productive de l'autre. . La hausse des taux d'intérêt réels mondiaux peut être attribuée dans un premier temps à la politique monétaire restrictive menée aux Etats-Unis, puis à l'augmentation de la rentabilité de l'investissement dans ce pays. Le creusement du déficit budgétaire américain ne permet pas, quant à lui, d'expliquer la hausse mondiale des taux réels, dans la mesure où il s'est accompagné de politiques budgétaires plus restrictives dans le reste du monde ; mais il contribue au maintien d'un différentiel entre les taux américains et ceux du reste du monde.. Le niveau élevé des taux réels mondiaux est à l'origine de la spécificité de la dernière récession. Elle a en effet rapidement conduit à des gains de productivité conséquents, par ses effets simultanés sur le stock de capital productif et sur la gestion du personnel des entreprises. Ces gains, alliés aux conséquences habituelles sur les salaires de la détérioration de l'emploi, ont été, dans la plupart des pays, d'une ampleur telle que l'accroissement de la part salariale au cours des années soixante-dix a été effacé en quelques années. Cette restauration des profits des entreprises est de nature à expliquer le maintien d'un niveau élevé des taux d'intérêt réels bien au-delà de ce que justifieraient les politiques monétaires et budgétaires nationales. [eng] Whereas the seventies' had been characterized by major changes in the relative prices of goods and services, the rise in real interest rates, from 1980 on, has initiated an era of turmoil in the financial markets. The various relative price shocks — the oil price hikes, the rising real interest rates, the dollar appreciating vis-à-vis European currencies — have generally had negative consequences on production costs and demand. Their analysis requires combining supply and demand considerations, together with the interactions between financial markets and activity. . The worldwide increase of real interest rates may be attributed first to restrictive monetary policy in the United States, then to increased profitability of investment in this country. The swelling federal budget deficit cannot, on its own, explain such a worldwide increase in real rates, in so far as fiscal policies in the rest of the world have been much tighter ; but it has contributed to the persistance a significant differential between US rates and those in the rest of the world. Worldwide high real interest rates have made the latest recession atypical. Indeed their effects both on the stock of productive capital and on firms' management of personnel have induced substantial increases in productivity at an early stage of the cycle. In most countries, productivity increases, together with the usual moderating effects on wages of slack in the labor markets, have been sufficient to rapidly cancel the rise in the share of wages in value added that had taken place in the seventies'. Such a restoration of firms' profit conditions may explain the persistance of higher real interest rates than what would be warranted by recent monetary and fiscal policies.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Paul Fitoussi & Jacques Le Cacheux & François Lecointe & Christian Vasseur, 1986. "Taux d'intérêt réels et activité économique. Un essai d'interprétation théorique et de mesure empirique," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 15(1), pages 145-173.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1986_num_15_1_1055
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1986.1055
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1986.1055
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    1. Jeffrey D. Sachs, 1983. "Real Wages and Unemployment in the OECD Countries," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 14(1), pages 255-304.
    2. Olivier J. Blanchard & Lawrence H. Summers, 1984. "Perspectives on High World Real Interest Rates," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 15(2), pages 273-334.
    3. Jacques Le Cacheux & Daniel Szpiro, 1984. "Part salariale et emploi," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 8(1), pages 121-140.
    4. Philippe Sigogne, 1986. "Taux d'intérêt et croissance à long et à court terme," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 14(1), pages 59-86.
    5. Jeffrey A. Frankel, 1985. "The Dazzling Dollar," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 16(1), pages 199-217.
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    1. Jean-Paul Fitoussi & Jacques Le Cacheux, 1989. "Une théorie des années quatre-vingt," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 29(1), pages 117-160.
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    3. Michel Boutillier & Daniel Gabrielli & Dominique Plihon, 1988. "La baisse des taux d'intérêt en France : quels effets en attendre ?," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 39(4), pages 841-876.

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